Background <p>This study evaluated the effects of air-polishing procedures using sodium bicarbonate, glycine, and erythritol powders on the surface microhardness and roughness of gingiva-colored composites (GCCs).</p> Methods <p>Sixty GCC discs were divided into 12 groups to investigate the differences in air polishing applications based on powder type (E = erythritol, S = sodium bicarbonate, G = glycine), power (F = Full, M = Medium), and angulation (45°; 90°). Surface microhardness and roughness were assessed at baseline (T0), 5&#xa0;s (T1), and 10&#xa0;s (T2). Statistical analyses included Independent Sample T-test, Mann–Whitney U test, ANOVA, and Kruskal–Wallis tests.</p> Results <p>EF45, EM90, SF45, SF90, SM90, and GF90 groups showed a significant decrease in hardness over time (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Erythritol exhibited greater hardness compared to sodium bicarbonate and glycine at T2 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Surface roughness increased significantly in the majority of groups at T2 compared to both T0 and T1 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). EM45, EM90, SM90, and GM90 exhibited significantly higher roughness at T2 compared to both T0 and T1 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Among the powders, sodium bicarbonate caused a higher increase in surface roughness under all conditions.</p> Conclusion <p>Erythritol exhibited the lowest abrasive properties and resulting in lowest hardness loss and roughness increase on the GCC surface. Similarly, the medium power mode and 45° angle caused lower increase in surface hardness and roughness. Based on the tested parameters, if a patient has restorations with GCC, the airflow application protocol can be adjusted according to the findings of this study to achieve optimal results.</p>