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Background <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of interconnected metabolic derangements with a growing global prevalence. The association of copper (Cu) exposure with the odds of MetS remains unclear. This dose-response meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between urinary and serum Cu concentrations and MetS.</p> Methods <p>We searched Cochrane library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus from inception to 4 February 2026. Studies providing association estimates for the relationship between serum or urinary Cu and MetS were included. Pooled effect sizes were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), calculated with the use of random-effects models.</p> Results <p>Twenty-three studies with 69,121 participants and 9,964 MetS cases were included. Higher serum Cu concentrations were significantly linked to elevated odds of MetS (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02–1.35), with considerable heterogeneity (I² = 79.6%, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Dose-response analysis revealed no significant linear association; however, a significant non-linear relationship was identified, with the odds of MetS increasing more markedly at serum Cu concentrations above approximately 1,100&#xa0;µg/L (<i>P</i> = 0.047). Higher urinary Cu concentrations were also significantly associated with greater odds of MetS (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03–1.95; I² = 83.1%). The associations for both serum and urinary Cu were attenuated after adjustment for lifestyle-related factors and BMI.</p> Conclusions <p>Elevated serum and urinary Cu concentrations were significantly linked to an elevated odds of MetS, with evidence of a non-linear dose-response association. Lifestyle factors may confound this association.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Association of copper exposure with metabolic syndrome: a dose-response meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Chou-Yi Hsu,
  • Mohammed Hashim Mohammed,
  • Sarah F. Al-Taie,
  • Jasur Rizaev,
  • Meka Sreedhar Rao,
  • Irwanjot Kaur,
  • Neeraj Bainsal,
  • Samir Sahoo,
  • Aseel smerat,
  • Hamzeh Alizadeh

摘要

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of interconnected metabolic derangements with a growing global prevalence. The association of copper (Cu) exposure with the odds of MetS remains unclear. This dose-response meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between urinary and serum Cu concentrations and MetS.

Methods

We searched Cochrane library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus from inception to 4 February 2026. Studies providing association estimates for the relationship between serum or urinary Cu and MetS were included. Pooled effect sizes were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), calculated with the use of random-effects models.

Results

Twenty-three studies with 69,121 participants and 9,964 MetS cases were included. Higher serum Cu concentrations were significantly linked to elevated odds of MetS (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02–1.35), with considerable heterogeneity (I² = 79.6%, P < 0.001). Dose-response analysis revealed no significant linear association; however, a significant non-linear relationship was identified, with the odds of MetS increasing more markedly at serum Cu concentrations above approximately 1,100 µg/L (P = 0.047). Higher urinary Cu concentrations were also significantly associated with greater odds of MetS (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03–1.95; I² = 83.1%). The associations for both serum and urinary Cu were attenuated after adjustment for lifestyle-related factors and BMI.

Conclusions

Elevated serum and urinary Cu concentrations were significantly linked to an elevated odds of MetS, with evidence of a non-linear dose-response association. Lifestyle factors may confound this association.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.