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Background <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Poor glycaemic control is a key determinant of diabetes-related complications, and vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a potential contributor to impaired glycaemic control. End-stage renal disease is one of the most severe complications of DM, imposing substantial individual and public health burdens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate its association with glycaemic control and renal function.</p> Methods <p>In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with T2DM and 100 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was provided by all participants. Clinical data were collected, and physical examinations were performed. Blood samples were analysed for serum vitamin D, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, serum creatinine, lipid profile, albumin, calcium, and phosphate. Nephropathy was assessed using the urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.</p> Results <p>The mean age of patients and controls was 53.0 ± 10.3 years and 52.9 ± 11.2 years, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.933), with comparable sex distribution. Chronic kidney disease (stage ≥ 3) was present in 12.0% of T2DM patients and 4.0% of controls. Among T2DM patients, 14.0% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL) and 31.0% had insufficiency (20–&lt;30 ng/mL), compared with 5.0% and 20.0%, respectively, among controls. Vitamin D deficiency was more frequent in older participants and in males. A higher proportion of T2DM patients with vitamin D deficiency had nephropathy (93%) compared with those without deficiency. Independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency included increasing age (aOR = 1.086, 95% CI: 1.011–1.167; <i>p</i> = 0.024), male sex (aOR = 12.282, 95% CI: 2.661–56.688; <i>p</i> = 0.001), and higher glycated haemoglobin levels (aOR = 2.438, 95% CI: 1.511–3.934; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusions <p>Vitamin D deficiency is common among individuals with T2DM and is associated with male sex, advancing age, poor glycaemic control, and nephropathy.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Relationship between vitamin D status, glycaemia and nephropathy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Amina Titilayo Lawal-Bello,
  • David Olubukunmi Soyoye,
  • Rosemary Temidayo Ikem,
  • Ayodeji Nelson Fasanu,
  • Babatope Ayodeji Kolawole

摘要

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Poor glycaemic control is a key determinant of diabetes-related complications, and vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a potential contributor to impaired glycaemic control. End-stage renal disease is one of the most severe complications of DM, imposing substantial individual and public health burdens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate its association with glycaemic control and renal function.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with T2DM and 100 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was provided by all participants. Clinical data were collected, and physical examinations were performed. Blood samples were analysed for serum vitamin D, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, serum creatinine, lipid profile, albumin, calcium, and phosphate. Nephropathy was assessed using the urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.

Results

The mean age of patients and controls was 53.0 ± 10.3 years and 52.9 ± 11.2 years, respectively (p = 0.933), with comparable sex distribution. Chronic kidney disease (stage ≥ 3) was present in 12.0% of T2DM patients and 4.0% of controls. Among T2DM patients, 14.0% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL) and 31.0% had insufficiency (20–<30 ng/mL), compared with 5.0% and 20.0%, respectively, among controls. Vitamin D deficiency was more frequent in older participants and in males. A higher proportion of T2DM patients with vitamin D deficiency had nephropathy (93%) compared with those without deficiency. Independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency included increasing age (aOR = 1.086, 95% CI: 1.011–1.167; p = 0.024), male sex (aOR = 12.282, 95% CI: 2.661–56.688; p = 0.001), and higher glycated haemoglobin levels (aOR = 2.438, 95% CI: 1.511–3.934; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is common among individuals with T2DM and is associated with male sex, advancing age, poor glycaemic control, and nephropathy.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.