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<p>This cross-sectional study investigated the association between maternal and child anemia and development in 2,473 children up to 72 months old in Ceará, Brazil. Hemoglobin was measured using HemoCue Hb 201, and child development was assessed via the Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Brazil (ASQ-BR). In multivariate analyses, neither maternal anemia nor child anemia (overall) was associated with continuous domain z-scores or developmental delays (all <i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). However, when stratified by severity, mild child anemia was associated with a higher prevalence of fine motor delay (Prevalence Ratio = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.18–2.31), while moderate-to-severe child anemia was associated with a higher prevalence of gross motor delay (PR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06–2.75). Exploratory analyses revealed effect modification by age; in children aged 49–72 months, mild child anemia was associated with lower gross motor (Standardized Mean Difference = -0.52), fine motor (SMD = -0.91), and problem-solving scores (SMD = -0.33), while moderate-to-severe child anemia was associated with lower gross motor scores (SMD = -0.83). Our findings suggest that the severity and timing of child anemia are associated with specific developmental outcomes, reinforcing the need for targeted interventions.</p>

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Associations between maternal and child anemia and development outcomes: evidence from a large cross-sectional population-based study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha,
  • Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira Rocha,
  • Marcia Maria Tavares Machado,
  • Anamaria Cavalcante e Silva,
  • Jocileide Sales Campos,
  • Álvaro Jorge Madeiro Leite,
  • Luciano Lima Correia,
  • Christopher Robert Sudfeld

摘要

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between maternal and child anemia and development in 2,473 children up to 72 months old in Ceará, Brazil. Hemoglobin was measured using HemoCue Hb 201, and child development was assessed via the Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Brazil (ASQ-BR). In multivariate analyses, neither maternal anemia nor child anemia (overall) was associated with continuous domain z-scores or developmental delays (all p > 0.05). However, when stratified by severity, mild child anemia was associated with a higher prevalence of fine motor delay (Prevalence Ratio = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.18–2.31), while moderate-to-severe child anemia was associated with a higher prevalence of gross motor delay (PR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06–2.75). Exploratory analyses revealed effect modification by age; in children aged 49–72 months, mild child anemia was associated with lower gross motor (Standardized Mean Difference = -0.52), fine motor (SMD = -0.91), and problem-solving scores (SMD = -0.33), while moderate-to-severe child anemia was associated with lower gross motor scores (SMD = -0.83). Our findings suggest that the severity and timing of child anemia are associated with specific developmental outcomes, reinforcing the need for targeted interventions.