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Background <p>Childhood vaccination reduces child mortality, morbidity, and improves developmental outcomes. In the Philippines, where vaccination rates are low, understanding sociocultural influences on childhood vaccination is essential. Given women’s crucial role in ensuring childhood vaccination, this study investigated the association of women’s empowerment with childhood vaccination.</p> Methods <p>Cross-sectional data were obtained from 6,186 partnered women aged 15–49 years who participated in the 2017/2022 Philippine Demographic and Health Surveys. Child vaccination status was assessed based on the self-reported receipt of vaccines in the Expanded Immunization Program of the Philippines. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to assess the influence of three domains of the Survey-based Women’s emPowERment (SWPER) Index on the outcome.</p> Results <p>Women’s empowerment remained high in 2017 and 2022, while complete childhood vaccination remained low, rising marginally from 65.7% to 69.3%. At the municipality level, none of the empowerment domains were associated with childhood vaccination in either year. At the individual level, higher social independence increased complete childhood vaccination in both survey years (high social independence: <i>aOR</i> = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.12–2.13) in 2017 and <i>aOR</i> = 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for medium and <i>aOR</i> = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for high social independence in 2022). Decision-making power showed no association with childhood vaccination in either year (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), while lower tolerance to violence was positively associated with the outcome in 2017 only <i>aOR =</i> 2.10 (95% CI: 1.08–4.06) for low and <i>aOR =</i> 2.42 (95% CI:1.21–4.83) for medium tolerance to violence.</p> Conclusion <p>Enabling conditions for partnered women were the most important empowerment predictor of childhood vaccination, highlighting the importance of investment in gender-equitable human capital development, such as improving women’s education.</p>

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“Is there a link between women’s empowerment and childhood vaccination?“: A multilevel analysis using the Philippines Demographic and Health Survey Data 2017 and 2022

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Kim L. Cochon,
  • Paul K M Poon,
  • Josue Antonio G. Estrada,
  • Jean H. Kim

摘要

Background

Childhood vaccination reduces child mortality, morbidity, and improves developmental outcomes. In the Philippines, where vaccination rates are low, understanding sociocultural influences on childhood vaccination is essential. Given women’s crucial role in ensuring childhood vaccination, this study investigated the association of women’s empowerment with childhood vaccination.

Methods

Cross-sectional data were obtained from 6,186 partnered women aged 15–49 years who participated in the 2017/2022 Philippine Demographic and Health Surveys. Child vaccination status was assessed based on the self-reported receipt of vaccines in the Expanded Immunization Program of the Philippines. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to assess the influence of three domains of the Survey-based Women’s emPowERment (SWPER) Index on the outcome.

Results

Women’s empowerment remained high in 2017 and 2022, while complete childhood vaccination remained low, rising marginally from 65.7% to 69.3%. At the municipality level, none of the empowerment domains were associated with childhood vaccination in either year. At the individual level, higher social independence increased complete childhood vaccination in both survey years (high social independence: aOR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.12–2.13) in 2017 and aOR = 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for medium and aOR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.13–2.20) for high social independence in 2022). Decision-making power showed no association with childhood vaccination in either year (p > 0.05), while lower tolerance to violence was positively associated with the outcome in 2017 only aOR = 2.10 (95% CI: 1.08–4.06) for low and aOR = 2.42 (95% CI:1.21–4.83) for medium tolerance to violence.

Conclusion

Enabling conditions for partnered women were the most important empowerment predictor of childhood vaccination, highlighting the importance of investment in gender-equitable human capital development, such as improving women’s education.