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Background <p>Knowledge regarding the clinical course and prognosis in non-hospitalised individuals with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) remains limited. This study aimed to explore the impact of PCC on physical function, physical activity, and mental health in non-hospitalised adults, and to identify risk factors for low self-rated health. Extended knowledge may inform follow-up strategies and targeted interventions in non-hospitalised individuals with PCC.</p> Methods <p>A cohort study was conducted at a specialised post-COVID clinic, with assessments of physical function (six-minute walk test, one-minute sit-to-stand test, maximal inspiratory pressure, mMRC dyspnoea), physical activity (Frändin/Grimby activity scale), mental health (depression: PHQ-9; anxiety: GAD-7), and self-rated health (EQ VAS) at 12 and 30 months after COVID-19. A total of 130 non-hospitalised adults with PCC were included. Data were collected between August 2020 and December 2024.</p> Results <p>Participants were predominantly middle-aged, previously physically active women. Physical and mental impairments, and low physical activity remained prevalent at follow-up, despite some improvements over time. Impaired performance in the one-minute sit-to-stand test, a Frändin/Grimby activity level &lt; 3, and a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 at baseline were associated with lower EQ VAS scores at follow-up.</p> Conclusion <p>There were long-term negative impacts of PCC on health outcomes 2.5 years after COVID-19 in non-hospitalised individuals, including impairments in physical and mental health, low physical activity, and low self-rated health. Impaired physical function, low physical activity, and depressive symptoms were identified as risk factors for low self-rated health. These findings expand current knowledge of prognosis in PCC, underscore the need for systematic follow-up using simple clinical tools to identify individuals at high risk, and inform targeted interventions to improve long-term outcomes.</p>

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Long-term health outcomes and risk factors for low self-rated health in non-hospitalised adults with post-COVID-19 condition: a 2.5-year cohort study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Anna Törnberg,
  • Anna Svensson-Raskh,
  • Elisabeth Rydwik,
  • Annie Svensson,
  • Mikael Björnsson,
  • Daniel E. Loewenstein,
  • Michael Runold,
  • Judith Bruchfeld,
  • Malin Nygren-Bonnier

摘要

Background

Knowledge regarding the clinical course and prognosis in non-hospitalised individuals with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) remains limited. This study aimed to explore the impact of PCC on physical function, physical activity, and mental health in non-hospitalised adults, and to identify risk factors for low self-rated health. Extended knowledge may inform follow-up strategies and targeted interventions in non-hospitalised individuals with PCC.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted at a specialised post-COVID clinic, with assessments of physical function (six-minute walk test, one-minute sit-to-stand test, maximal inspiratory pressure, mMRC dyspnoea), physical activity (Frändin/Grimby activity scale), mental health (depression: PHQ-9; anxiety: GAD-7), and self-rated health (EQ VAS) at 12 and 30 months after COVID-19. A total of 130 non-hospitalised adults with PCC were included. Data were collected between August 2020 and December 2024.

Results

Participants were predominantly middle-aged, previously physically active women. Physical and mental impairments, and low physical activity remained prevalent at follow-up, despite some improvements over time. Impaired performance in the one-minute sit-to-stand test, a Frändin/Grimby activity level < 3, and a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 at baseline were associated with lower EQ VAS scores at follow-up.

Conclusion

There were long-term negative impacts of PCC on health outcomes 2.5 years after COVID-19 in non-hospitalised individuals, including impairments in physical and mental health, low physical activity, and low self-rated health. Impaired physical function, low physical activity, and depressive symptoms were identified as risk factors for low self-rated health. These findings expand current knowledge of prognosis in PCC, underscore the need for systematic follow-up using simple clinical tools to identify individuals at high risk, and inform targeted interventions to improve long-term outcomes.