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Background <p>Leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is associated with a variety of challenges and stressors, which are reflected in their managers’ commonly experienced high stress levels. In this context, psychological strain can arise, but compared to large companies, SMEs face particular difficulties in implementing mental health promotion intervention. These difficulties partially originate in a profound lack of comprehensive research on the effectiveness and prospects of success of intervention strategies in SMEs. This study aims to close this gap by evaluating a stress management training for managers in SMEs (KMU-GO). Implementing established stress management strategies and making them more accessible within the SME context, the training aims to improve participants’ psychological and physiological well-being.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a randomized controlled trial with an intervention and a waitlist control group in Germany. The intervention comprised 1.5 days of stress management training and two refresher sessions, focusing on short- and long-term coping strategies and self-reflection. Based on a sample of <i>N</i> = 155 managers, we conducted a multilevel analysis of covariance on psychological measures, namely stress reactivity, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, changes in physiological stress indices (i.e., hair cortisol concentration and salivary alpha-amylase activity) were examined.</p> Results <p>Regarding the psychological measures, we found significant training effects six months after baseline. Twelve months after baseline, there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups for either psychological or physiological variables.</p> Conclusion <p>In conclusion, the present stress management training is effective in reducing psychological strain in SME managers. In order to achieve more sustainable effects, a continuation of the refresher sessions could be considered.</p> Trial registration <p>Before including the first participant, the KMU-GO trial is registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS): DRKS00023457 (registered on 5 November 2020).</p>

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Stress management training for managers in small and medium-sized enterprises (KMU-GO): results of a randomized controlled trial

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Sophie Hofmann,
  • Svenja Schlachter,
  • Michael Gast,
  • Rebecca Erschens,
  • Carla Schröpel,
  • Mathias Diebig,
  • Susan Gritzka,
  • Janina A. M. Lehmann,
  • Elena Schwarz,
  • Marc N. Jarczok,
  • Elisabeth M. Balint,
  • Urs M. Nater,
  • Nadine Skoluda,
  • Florian Junne,
  • Peter Angerer,
  • Harald Gündel

摘要

Background

Leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is associated with a variety of challenges and stressors, which are reflected in their managers’ commonly experienced high stress levels. In this context, psychological strain can arise, but compared to large companies, SMEs face particular difficulties in implementing mental health promotion intervention. These difficulties partially originate in a profound lack of comprehensive research on the effectiveness and prospects of success of intervention strategies in SMEs. This study aims to close this gap by evaluating a stress management training for managers in SMEs (KMU-GO). Implementing established stress management strategies and making them more accessible within the SME context, the training aims to improve participants’ psychological and physiological well-being.

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled trial with an intervention and a waitlist control group in Germany. The intervention comprised 1.5 days of stress management training and two refresher sessions, focusing on short- and long-term coping strategies and self-reflection. Based on a sample of N = 155 managers, we conducted a multilevel analysis of covariance on psychological measures, namely stress reactivity, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, changes in physiological stress indices (i.e., hair cortisol concentration and salivary alpha-amylase activity) were examined.

Results

Regarding the psychological measures, we found significant training effects six months after baseline. Twelve months after baseline, there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups for either psychological or physiological variables.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present stress management training is effective in reducing psychological strain in SME managers. In order to achieve more sustainable effects, a continuation of the refresher sessions could be considered.

Trial registration

Before including the first participant, the KMU-GO trial is registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS): DRKS00023457 (registered on 5 November 2020).