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Background <p>Measures implemented to control the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced physical activity, including participation in sports. However, how long this impact persisted after lifting restrictions has not been well documented. Our purpose was to compare prevalence of outdoor sports in Spain right after the strict lockdown at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, which did not allow people to leave their homes to exercise, and during the new normal.</p> Methods <p>Nationwide population-based study in Spain (ENE-COVID). Participants were selected through two-stage stratified random sampling. Epidemiological information was gathered in the early post-lockdown (May–June 2020, <i>n =</i> 64,258) and in the new normal (November 2020, <i>n =</i> 50,159). We estimated crude and logistic model-based standardized prevalences of outdoor sports, and differences by personal and contextual characteristics.</p> Results <p>Prevalence of outdoor sports in the early post-lockdown was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.8, 37.6), increasing to 53.4% (95% CI: 52.4, 54.4) in the new normal. Children, older people, and those living in provinces with higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence showed a more delayed recovery of activity. Among people not practicing outdoor sports in the early post-lockdown, 41% (95% CI: 39.9, 42.2) practiced them in the new normal, while discontinuation percentage was 25.3% (95% CI: 24.3, 26.4).</p> Conclusions <p>Participation in outdoor sports, abruptly interrupted during the strict home-confinement, was not resumed immediately but remained severely reduced early after the lockdown. Seven months later, baseline levels had been recovered in general, although differences were observed depending on sociodemographic and health-status factors. This highlights the importance of considering personal and contextual characteristics to plan physical activity and sport promotion strategies in contexts requiring population movement restrictions.</p>

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Evolution of outdoor sports during the COVID-19 post-lockdown in Spain: a nationwide population-based study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Miguel Ángel de la Cámara,
  • Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz,
  • Roberto Pastor-Barriuso,
  • Pablo Fernández-Navarro,
  • Marina Pollán,
  • Beatriz Pérez-Gómez,
  • Pilar Aparicio Azcárraga,
  • Faustino Blanco,
  • Rodrigo Gutiérrez Fernández,
  • Mariano Martín,
  • Saturnino Mezcua Navarro,
  • Marta Molina,
  • Juan F. Muñoz-Montalvo,
  • Matías Salinero Hernández,
  • Jose L. Sanmartín,
  • Manuel Cuenca-Estrella,
  • José León Paniagua,
  • Raquel Yotti,
  • Ana Avellón,
  • Giovanni Fedele,
  • Aurora Fernández-García,
  • Jesús Oteo Iglesias,
  • María T. Pérez Olmeda,
  • Israel Cruz,
  • Maria E. Fernández Martínez,
  • Francisco D. Rodríguez-Cabrera,
  • Miguel A. Hernán,
  • Susana Padrones Fernández,
  • José M. Rumbao Aguirre,
  • José M. Navarro Marí,
  • Begoña Palop Borrás,
  • Ana B. Pérez Jiménez,
  • Manuel Rodríguez-Iglesias,
  • Ana M. Calvo Gascón,
  • María L. Lou Alcaine,
  • Ignacio Donate Suárez,
  • Oscar Suárez Álvarez,
  • Mercedes Rodríguez Pérez,
  • Margarita Cases Sanchís,
  • Carlos J. Villafáfila Gomila,
  • Lluis Carbo Saladrigas,
  • Adoración Hurtado Fernández,
  • Antonio Oliver,
  • Elías Castro Feliciano,
  • María N. González Quintana,
  • José M. Barrasa Fernández,
  • María A. Hernández Betancor,
  • Melisa Hernández Febles,
  • Leopoldo Martín Martín,
  • Luis M. López López,
  • Teresa Ugarte Miota,
  • Inés De Benito Población,
  • María S. Celada Pérez,
  • María N. Vallés Fernández,
  • Tomás Maté Enríquez,
  • Miguel Villa Arranz,
  • Marta Domínguez-Gil González,
  • Isabel Fernández-Natal,
  • Gregoria Megías Lobón,
  • Juan L. Muñoz Bellido,
  • Pilar Ciruela,
  • Ariadna Mas i Casals,
  • Maria Doladé Botías,
  • María A. Marcos Maeso,
  • Dúnia Pérez del Campo,
  • Antonio Félix de Castro,
  • Ramón Limón Ramírez,
  • Maria F. Elías Retamosa,
  • Manuela Rubio González,
  • María S. Blanco Lobeiras,
  • Alberto Fuentes Losada,
  • Antonio Aguilera,
  • German Bou,
  • Yolanda Caro,
  • Noemí Marauri,
  • Luis M. Soria Blanco,
  • Isabel del Cura González,
  • Montserrat Hernández Pascual,
  • Roberto Alonso Fernández,
  • Paloma Merino-Amador,
  • Natalia Cabrera Castro,
  • Aurora Tomás Lizcano,
  • Cristóbal Ramírez Almagro,
  • Manuel Segovia Hernández,
  • Nieves Ascunce Elizaga,
  • María Ederra Sanz,
  • Carmen Ezpeleta Baquedano,
  • Ana Bustinduy Bascaran,
  • Susana Iglesias Tamayo,
  • Luis Elorduy Otazua,
  • Rebeca Benarroch Benarroch,
  • Jesús Lopera Flores,
  • Antonia Vázquez de la Villa

摘要

Background

Measures implemented to control the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced physical activity, including participation in sports. However, how long this impact persisted after lifting restrictions has not been well documented. Our purpose was to compare prevalence of outdoor sports in Spain right after the strict lockdown at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, which did not allow people to leave their homes to exercise, and during the new normal.

Methods

Nationwide population-based study in Spain (ENE-COVID). Participants were selected through two-stage stratified random sampling. Epidemiological information was gathered in the early post-lockdown (May–June 2020, n = 64,258) and in the new normal (November 2020, n = 50,159). We estimated crude and logistic model-based standardized prevalences of outdoor sports, and differences by personal and contextual characteristics.

Results

Prevalence of outdoor sports in the early post-lockdown was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.8, 37.6), increasing to 53.4% (95% CI: 52.4, 54.4) in the new normal. Children, older people, and those living in provinces with higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence showed a more delayed recovery of activity. Among people not practicing outdoor sports in the early post-lockdown, 41% (95% CI: 39.9, 42.2) practiced them in the new normal, while discontinuation percentage was 25.3% (95% CI: 24.3, 26.4).

Conclusions

Participation in outdoor sports, abruptly interrupted during the strict home-confinement, was not resumed immediately but remained severely reduced early after the lockdown. Seven months later, baseline levels had been recovered in general, although differences were observed depending on sociodemographic and health-status factors. This highlights the importance of considering personal and contextual characteristics to plan physical activity and sport promotion strategies in contexts requiring population movement restrictions.