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Background <p>Hypertension is a major contributor to global disease burden, and the prevalence is associated to various social determinants, including area-level deprivation. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study explores how household food insecurity, individual behaviors (smoking and alcohol use), and nutritional status may mediate the relationship between area-level deprivation and hypertension in Nepal.</p> Methods <p>We used nationally representative data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Area-level deprivation was measured using a validated 15-item composite index. A two-level structural equation model was employed to analyze both the direct and indirect (mediated) relationships between deprivation and hypertension, with individuals (aged ≥ 15 years) and households nested within geographic clusters/areas.</p> Results <p>The overall prevalence of hypertension was 22.9%, with a higher rate in less deprived (more affluent) areas (27.5%) compared to highly deprived ones (17.9%). When mediators were not included, area-level deprivation was inversely associated with hypertension. However, when potential mediators—Body Mass Index (BMI; as a proxy for nutritional status), household food insecurity, and individual behaviors (smoking and alcohol use) were included, the direct effect of deprivation on hypertension was no longer significant. BMI emerged as the only significant mediator, accounting for approximately 70% of the total indirect effect. Food insecurity and individual behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship; although, food insecurity was associated with lower hypertension risk and individual health behaviors (smoking and alcohol use) with higher risk at the individual level.</p> Conclusion <p>In the context of Nepal, hypertension is more prevalent in affluent areas, and BMI- a proxy for nutritional status significantly mediates the link between area-level deprivation and hypertension risk. These findings highlight the role of nutritional transitions in LMICs and the need for context-specific public health strategies targeting both environmental and individual-level factors.</p>

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Mediating pathways between area-level deprivation and hypertension in Nepal: the role of nutritional status, food insecurity, and health behaviors

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Ishor Sharma,
  • M. Karen Campbell,
  • Yun-Hee Choi,
  • Isaac Luginaah,
  • Jason Mulimba Were,
  • Juan-Camilo Vargas-Gonzalea,
  • Saverio Stranges

摘要

Background

Hypertension is a major contributor to global disease burden, and the prevalence is associated to various social determinants, including area-level deprivation. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study explores how household food insecurity, individual behaviors (smoking and alcohol use), and nutritional status may mediate the relationship between area-level deprivation and hypertension in Nepal.

Methods

We used nationally representative data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Area-level deprivation was measured using a validated 15-item composite index. A two-level structural equation model was employed to analyze both the direct and indirect (mediated) relationships between deprivation and hypertension, with individuals (aged ≥ 15 years) and households nested within geographic clusters/areas.

Results

The overall prevalence of hypertension was 22.9%, with a higher rate in less deprived (more affluent) areas (27.5%) compared to highly deprived ones (17.9%). When mediators were not included, area-level deprivation was inversely associated with hypertension. However, when potential mediators—Body Mass Index (BMI; as a proxy for nutritional status), household food insecurity, and individual behaviors (smoking and alcohol use) were included, the direct effect of deprivation on hypertension was no longer significant. BMI emerged as the only significant mediator, accounting for approximately 70% of the total indirect effect. Food insecurity and individual behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship; although, food insecurity was associated with lower hypertension risk and individual health behaviors (smoking and alcohol use) with higher risk at the individual level.

Conclusion

In the context of Nepal, hypertension is more prevalent in affluent areas, and BMI- a proxy for nutritional status significantly mediates the link between area-level deprivation and hypertension risk. These findings highlight the role of nutritional transitions in LMICs and the need for context-specific public health strategies targeting both environmental and individual-level factors.