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Background <p>Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), which have anti-estrogenic properties that disturb estrogen equilibrium in women, have also been associated with increased mortality risk in relevant epidemiological studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in the association between serum DLCs and all-cause mortality among non-menopausal and menopausal female populations.</p> Methods <p>Adults who participated in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. In this study, serum concentrations of 9 DLCs (5 DL-PCBs, 2 PCDDs, and 2 PCDFs) were determined. Participants were observed until December 31, 2019. Stratified analyses were conducted based on sex to investigate sex differences in the association of DLCs with mortality risk. Menstrual stratified analyses were performed to evaluate the characteristics of changes in above association among women before and after menopause.</p> Results <p>Final analysis, 3,523 individuals participated in the study, including 1656 men and 1867 female. Out of the subsequent period of 55,650 person-years, 916 fatalities occurred. A group of seven compounds, namely PCB74, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, HXCDD, OCDD, and PNCDF, exhibited a significant association with the overall mortality risk in the subject population. Both males and females were at higher risk of mortality from exposure to PCB74, PNCDF, with females being more susceptible. PCB156 and HXCDD were the DLCs that had a positive association with all-cause mortality risk in non-menopausal women.PCB074, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, and OCDD were the DLCs that had a positive association with all-cause mortality risk in naturally menopausal women.PCB066, PCB074, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, OCDD, and PNCDF were positively related with all-cause mortality risk in menopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy.</p> Conclusions <p>Adult population exposure to DLCs corresponds to an increased risk of mortality; in truth, exposure at even low levels raises the probability of death. Women, particularly those who have gone through menopause, are more susceptible to DLCs exposure.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Difference in association between dioxin-like compounds and all-cause mortality among non-menopause and menopausal women: a prospective cohort study

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Shuaixing Song,
  • Yulin Wang,
  • Xukuan Zhang,
  • Xiaozhuan Liu

摘要

Background

Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), which have anti-estrogenic properties that disturb estrogen equilibrium in women, have also been associated with increased mortality risk in relevant epidemiological studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in the association between serum DLCs and all-cause mortality among non-menopausal and menopausal female populations.

Methods

Adults who participated in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. In this study, serum concentrations of 9 DLCs (5 DL-PCBs, 2 PCDDs, and 2 PCDFs) were determined. Participants were observed until December 31, 2019. Stratified analyses were conducted based on sex to investigate sex differences in the association of DLCs with mortality risk. Menstrual stratified analyses were performed to evaluate the characteristics of changes in above association among women before and after menopause.

Results

Final analysis, 3,523 individuals participated in the study, including 1656 men and 1867 female. Out of the subsequent period of 55,650 person-years, 916 fatalities occurred. A group of seven compounds, namely PCB74, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, HXCDD, OCDD, and PNCDF, exhibited a significant association with the overall mortality risk in the subject population. Both males and females were at higher risk of mortality from exposure to PCB74, PNCDF, with females being more susceptible. PCB156 and HXCDD were the DLCs that had a positive association with all-cause mortality risk in non-menopausal women.PCB074, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, and OCDD were the DLCs that had a positive association with all-cause mortality risk in naturally menopausal women.PCB066, PCB074, PCB105, PCB118, PCB156, OCDD, and PNCDF were positively related with all-cause mortality risk in menopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy.

Conclusions

Adult population exposure to DLCs corresponds to an increased risk of mortality; in truth, exposure at even low levels raises the probability of death. Women, particularly those who have gone through menopause, are more susceptible to DLCs exposure.

Graphical abstract