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Background <p>Depression is a global issue affecting millions of people worldwide, yet access to validated measures of depressive Symptoms varies greatly, particularly in Sub-Saharan African countries. The study took place between 2013 and 2015 and assesses the psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CESD-10 scale) in Wolof, the most widely spoken language in Senegal.</p> Methods <p>Participants were 514 Wolof-speaking caregivers in rural Senegal. A professional bilingual translator translated the CESD-10 from French to Wolof; the scale was then back translated by a research assistant and examined by a research team of native Wolof speakers to ensure that the concepts in the scale were linguistically and culturally relevant. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Wolof CESD-10 and responses were given on a 4-point Likert-style.</p> Results <p>An initial confirmatory factor analysis of the scale using half of the sample indicated that factor loadings for the two positively worded items, “enjoy things” and “happy,” were low and did not fit the model well. After dropping the two positively worded items, a second CFA was conducted using the other half of the sample. The model fit was acceptable and indicated that items were associated with one factor: χ<sup>2</sup> (18) = 29.38, <i>p</i> &lt; .05, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05, and SRMR = 0.03. Item loadings ranged from 0.37 to 0.72 and Cronbach’s alpha was reasonable (α = 0.78). Caregivers with more depressive symptoms resided in households with less wealth and had children with lower weight and height, providing evidence of validity for the translated measure.</p> Conclusion <p>The Wolof CESD-10 is valid for the rural Senegalese population of caregivers, many of whom do not have access to adequate mental health care. Access to the Wolof CESD-10 could help physicians and other care providers in Senegal to assess depressive symptoms more effectively, allowing for better identification and treatment for those experiencing high levels of depression.</p>

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Measuring depression in Wolof-speaking communities using the CESD-10 in rural Senegal

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Yatma Diop,
  • Lori E. Skibbe,
  • Anne Fernald,
  • Amy K. Nuttall,
  • Ann M. Weber

摘要

Background

Depression is a global issue affecting millions of people worldwide, yet access to validated measures of depressive Symptoms varies greatly, particularly in Sub-Saharan African countries. The study took place between 2013 and 2015 and assesses the psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CESD-10 scale) in Wolof, the most widely spoken language in Senegal.

Methods

Participants were 514 Wolof-speaking caregivers in rural Senegal. A professional bilingual translator translated the CESD-10 from French to Wolof; the scale was then back translated by a research assistant and examined by a research team of native Wolof speakers to ensure that the concepts in the scale were linguistically and culturally relevant. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Wolof CESD-10 and responses were given on a 4-point Likert-style.

Results

An initial confirmatory factor analysis of the scale using half of the sample indicated that factor loadings for the two positively worded items, “enjoy things” and “happy,” were low and did not fit the model well. After dropping the two positively worded items, a second CFA was conducted using the other half of the sample. The model fit was acceptable and indicated that items were associated with one factor: χ2 (18) = 29.38, p < .05, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05, and SRMR = 0.03. Item loadings ranged from 0.37 to 0.72 and Cronbach’s alpha was reasonable (α = 0.78). Caregivers with more depressive symptoms resided in households with less wealth and had children with lower weight and height, providing evidence of validity for the translated measure.

Conclusion

The Wolof CESD-10 is valid for the rural Senegalese population of caregivers, many of whom do not have access to adequate mental health care. Access to the Wolof CESD-10 could help physicians and other care providers in Senegal to assess depressive symptoms more effectively, allowing for better identification and treatment for those experiencing high levels of depression.