Background <p>Bedtime procrastination has become increasingly prevalent in China in recent years. Numerous studies have demonstrated the negative effects of bedtime procrastination on individuals’ physical and mental health. The present study aims to examine the relationship between resilience and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students, as well as to explore the mediating role of perceived stress and the dual moderating roles of self-compassion and gender.</p> Methods <p>A total of 5,153 college students aged 17 to 30 years (<i>M</i>_age ± <i>SD</i> = 19.91 ± 1.22) were recruited in this study and completed a self-reported questionnaire, which included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS).</p> Results <p>Resilience was found to be negatively correlated with college students’ perceived stress and bedtime procrastination. Perceived stress partially mediated the relationship between resilience and bedtime procrastination, with a 91.11% mediation effect. Self-compassion moderated the effect of resilience in the path from resilience to perceived stress, and gender played a dual moderated role in the moderating effect of self-compassion on resilience and perceived stress.</p> Conclusions <p>Perceived stress played a significant mediating role in the relationship between resilience and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. Self-compassion had a gender-specific moderated effect on the linkage between resilience and perceived stress. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how resilience influences bedtime procrastination among college students, offering practical insights for developing interventions to protect students’ sleep and mental health.</p>