Background <p>Although childhood maltreatment (CM) is widely recognized as a transdiagnostic risk factor for various internalizing and externalizing psychological disorders, the neural basis underlying this association remain unclear. The potential reasons for the inconsistent findings may be attributed to the involvement of both common and specific neural pathways that mediate the influence of childhood maltreatment on the emergence of psychopathological conditions.</p> Methods <p>This study aimed to delineate both the common and distinct neural pathways linking childhood maltreatment to depression and aggression. First, we employed Network-Based Statistics (NBS) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to identify functional connectivity (FC) patterns associated with depression and aggression. Mediation analyses were then conducted to assess the role of these FC patterns in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and each outcome.</p> Results <p>The results demonstrated that FC within the default mode network (DMN) and between the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and dorsal attention network (DAN) mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and aggression, whereas FC within the reward system and between the CON and the reward system mediated the link between childhood maltreatment and depression.</p> Conclusions <p>We speculate that the control system may serve as a transdiagnostic neural basis accounting for the sequela of childhood maltreatment, and the attention network and the reward network may act as specific neural basis linking childhood maltreatment to depression and aggression, respectively.</p>