Understanding adolescent self-harm attempts in Ghana: a qualitative analysis of family and social risk factors

Adolescent suicide is a serious global public health concern. In nations with limited resources like Ghana, an understanding of the risk factors for attempted suicide is crucial to the effectiveness of public health treatments. Relevant Ghanaian research has documented the prevalence of suicidal behaviour, particularly among in-school adolescents. However, the causes of adolescents’ suicide attempts have not received enough in-depth investigation. In two Ghanaian municipalities, this study examined the family and social factors linked to suicide attempts in adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 years.

Twenty (20) adolescents with a history of attempted suicide were identified, information about their experiences was gathered through in-depth interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.

Two main themes emerged: meaning ascribed to suicide attempts and factors influencing suicide attempts. It was observed that adolescents viewed suicide as a means to alleviate their pains (physical, social, emotional and economic). Adolescents’ suicide attempts were primarily sparked by social variables including broken relationships, fear of stigma associated with sickness, rejection by the community and familial concerns such as financial hardships, rejection, trust issues and unfulfilled family expectations.

This study shows the social and familial factors influencing adolescent suicide attempts in Ghana. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive mental health support, community-based interventions and strategies to address these specific risk factors.