Background <p>Parentification in female students can lead to numerous physical and psychological issues. However, the relationship between family systems and parentification has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate this relationship in female adolescents.</p> Materials and methods <p>This cross-sectional study included 124 female high school students in their second year in Shiraz, Iran, selected through convenience sampling. The participants completed the Parentification Inventory and the Family System Test (FAST).</p> Findings <p>The results showed no significant relationship between the mean scores of family system and total parentification score in participants (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), except for the ideal cohesion between father and adolescent (<i>p</i> = 0.009). There was a significant relationship between age and parentification (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). An inverse and significant relationship was found between the ideal cohesion of father-adolescent and mother-adolescent, as well as between the real power of adolescent-father and adolescent-mother (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The mean scores of parentification, perceived fairness, emotional parenting, and instrumental parenting were higher in the 18-year-old age group compared to other age groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>While no significant relationship was found between family system and parentification in adolescents, those who take on parental responsibilities within the family tend to feel less cohesion with their mother and perceive the father’s power as low. Given the social and psychological risks faced by female adolescents, it is recommended to implement empowerment programs for these families and provide support for female adolescents.</p>