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Background <p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal proliferative disorder of plasma cells with limited curative options. Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses have been implicated in the development of various hematological malignancies, but their association with MM remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the risk of MM in individuals with HBV and HCV infections.</p> Methods <p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and additional sources for cohort and case-control studies published between January 1990 and January 2025. The relative risk (RR) of developing MM in individuals with HBV and HCV infections was pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, geographic region, and diagnostic method. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic, and publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test.</p> Results <p>Seventeen studies, comprising 1 cohort and 16 case-control studies, were included. Nine studies examined the association between HBV and MM, yielding a pooled RR of 1.25 (95% CI: 0.99–1.58) with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 56.52%). Fifteen studies evaluated the association between HCV and MM, with a pooled RR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.27–2.67), indicating a higher risk in HCV-infected individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger association in European populations for both HBV (RR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.05–2.66) and HCV (RR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.21–4.25). No significant publication bias was detected for either HBV or HCV analyses.</p> Conclusion <p>HBV and HCV infections are associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, with HCV demonstrating a stronger association. These findings highlight the importance of screening and monitoring patients with chronic hepatitis for potential hematological malignancies, especially in high-risk regions.</p>

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Hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Kamran Zamani,
  • Poorya Rostami,
  • Ramyar Rahimi Darehbagh,
  • Maryam Afraie,
  • Yousef Moradi

摘要

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal proliferative disorder of plasma cells with limited curative options. Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses have been implicated in the development of various hematological malignancies, but their association with MM remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the risk of MM in individuals with HBV and HCV infections.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and additional sources for cohort and case-control studies published between January 1990 and January 2025. The relative risk (RR) of developing MM in individuals with HBV and HCV infections was pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, geographic region, and diagnostic method. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic, and publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test.

Results

Seventeen studies, comprising 1 cohort and 16 case-control studies, were included. Nine studies examined the association between HBV and MM, yielding a pooled RR of 1.25 (95% CI: 0.99–1.58) with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 56.52%). Fifteen studies evaluated the association between HCV and MM, with a pooled RR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.27–2.67), indicating a higher risk in HCV-infected individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger association in European populations for both HBV (RR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.05–2.66) and HCV (RR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.21–4.25). No significant publication bias was detected for either HBV or HCV analyses.

Conclusion

HBV and HCV infections are associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, with HCV demonstrating a stronger association. These findings highlight the importance of screening and monitoring patients with chronic hepatitis for potential hematological malignancies, especially in high-risk regions.