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Abstract <p>Wastewater based surveillance (WBS) is an effective tool for monitoring community-level transmission of SARS-CoV-2, particularly where clinical testing is limited. We report results from long-term wastewater surveillance study (2.25 years, November 2021-February 2024) in India. Sample collection sites included sewage pumping station and open drains across Delhi. Weekly grab wastewater samples were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative RT-PCR targeting <i>N1</i>, <i>N2</i>, and <i>E</i> genes. Time-lag study was performed to evaluate wastewater viral titres as early warning indicators of clinical case trends. Assay sensitivity and site-specific viral titre patterns across different drainage systems were statistically analysed. Of the 819 samples analysed, 488 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for at least one target gene, corresponding to an overall positivity rate of 59.58%. SARS-CoV-2 RNA titres ranged from 1.83 to 1.19 × 10<sup>6</sup> genome copies/L (g.c./L) for <i>N1</i>, 1.46 to 1.51 × 10<sup>6</sup> g.c./L for <i>N2</i>, and 3.29 × 10<sup>3</sup> to 2.24 × 10<sup>6</sup> g.c./L for the <i>E</i> gene across sites. Time lag analysis showed peak correlations at a one-week lead in January 2022 (<i>N1</i>: <i>r</i> = 0.867, <i>p</i> = 0.002; <i>N2</i>: <i>r</i> = 0.830, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and two-week lead in April 2023 (<i>N1</i>: <i>r</i> = 0.879, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Paired Ct analysis revealed lower mean Ct values for <i>N2</i> (38.51) than <i>N1</i> (39.01; <i>p</i> = 0.0013). The sewage pumping station consistently exhibited higher viral titres than open drains (1.7–3.2-fold for <i>N1</i> and 1.7–3.9-fold for <i>N2</i>). In conclusion, WBS provides a sensitive, population-level early warning system for tracking SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and strengthening routine public health surveillance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Designing effective SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance system: lessons learnt from sustained monitoring in Delhi, India

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Roopam Duvesh,
  • Lovekesh,
  • Purva Pankaj Sarkate,
  • Purbasha Bera,
  • Simrita Singh,
  • Swati Sharma,
  • Anupam Kumar Anveshi,
  • Charu Prakash,
  • Ranjan Das

摘要

Abstract

Wastewater based surveillance (WBS) is an effective tool for monitoring community-level transmission of SARS-CoV-2, particularly where clinical testing is limited. We report results from long-term wastewater surveillance study (2.25 years, November 2021-February 2024) in India. Sample collection sites included sewage pumping station and open drains across Delhi. Weekly grab wastewater samples were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative RT-PCR targeting N1, N2, and E genes. Time-lag study was performed to evaluate wastewater viral titres as early warning indicators of clinical case trends. Assay sensitivity and site-specific viral titre patterns across different drainage systems were statistically analysed. Of the 819 samples analysed, 488 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for at least one target gene, corresponding to an overall positivity rate of 59.58%. SARS-CoV-2 RNA titres ranged from 1.83 to 1.19 × 106 genome copies/L (g.c./L) for N1, 1.46 to 1.51 × 106 g.c./L for N2, and 3.29 × 103 to 2.24 × 106 g.c./L for the E gene across sites. Time lag analysis showed peak correlations at a one-week lead in January 2022 (N1: r = 0.867, p = 0.002; N2: r = 0.830, p = 0.004) and two-week lead in April 2023 (N1: r = 0.879, p = 0.001). Paired Ct analysis revealed lower mean Ct values for N2 (38.51) than N1 (39.01; p = 0.0013). The sewage pumping station consistently exhibited higher viral titres than open drains (1.7–3.2-fold for N1 and 1.7–3.9-fold for N2). In conclusion, WBS provides a sensitive, population-level early warning system for tracking SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and strengthening routine public health surveillance.

Graphical Abstract