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Background <p><i>Plasmodium malariae</i>, a causative agent of human quartan malaria, has been largely overlooked due to its mild clinical manifestations and low prevalence. Genetic information of the parasite is also very limited, particularly for clinical isolates. In this study, we analyzed the genetic nature of apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) in Vietnam <i>P. malariae</i> isolates to expand knowledge on the genetic nature of the vaccine candidate protein.</p> Method <p>The gene encoding AMA-1 of <i>P. malariae</i> (<i>pmama-1</i>) was amplified from 95 Vietnam <i>P. malariae</i> isolates and sequenced. Polymorphic patterns and natural selection of the <i>pmama-1</i> were examined with programs such as BioEdit, MEGA4, and DnaSP. Comparative analysis of genetic polymorphisms and natural selection in <i>pmama-1</i> from other Southeast Asia countries was also conducted.</p> Results <p>A total of 117 Vietnam <i>pmama-1</i> sequences were obtained from 95 Vietnam <i>P. malariae</i> isolates. The majority of amino acid polymorphisms were identified in domains I and II, grouping Vietnam <i>pmama-1</i> into 19 distinct haplotypes. Although overall profiles of amino acid polymorphisms in Vietnam <i>pmama-1</i> mirrored those from other Southeast Asia countries, positions and frequencies of amino acid changes varied by countries. Most amino acid changes detected in <i>pmama-1</i> were predicted to be positioned on the surface of the protein. Evidences of natural selection and evolutionary trend of the gene were also observed.</p> Conclusions <p>This study highlights a substantial genetic heterogeneity of <i>pmama-1</i> in <i>P. malariae</i> population and expands our knowledge on genetic nature of this gene. To understand the genetic nature and evolution of global <i>pmama-1</i>, further studies with larger numbers of <i>P. malariae</i> isolates from other global regions are necessary.</p>

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Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium malariae isolated from Vietnam

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn,
  • Hương Giang Lê,
  • Tuấn Cường Võ,
  • Thu Hằng Nguyễn,
  • Jung-Mi Kang,
  • Kim Oanh Nguyễn,
  • Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh,
  • Chau Van Khanh,
  • Nguyen Thi Lien Hanh,
  • Tran Thi Hue Van,
  • Nguyen Kim Trung,
  • Minkyoung Cho,
  • Tran Thanh Son,
  • Huynh Hong Quang,
  • Byoung-Kuk Na

摘要

Background

Plasmodium malariae, a causative agent of human quartan malaria, has been largely overlooked due to its mild clinical manifestations and low prevalence. Genetic information of the parasite is also very limited, particularly for clinical isolates. In this study, we analyzed the genetic nature of apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) in Vietnam P. malariae isolates to expand knowledge on the genetic nature of the vaccine candidate protein.

Method

The gene encoding AMA-1 of P. malariae (pmama-1) was amplified from 95 Vietnam P. malariae isolates and sequenced. Polymorphic patterns and natural selection of the pmama-1 were examined with programs such as BioEdit, MEGA4, and DnaSP. Comparative analysis of genetic polymorphisms and natural selection in pmama-1 from other Southeast Asia countries was also conducted.

Results

A total of 117 Vietnam pmama-1 sequences were obtained from 95 Vietnam P. malariae isolates. The majority of amino acid polymorphisms were identified in domains I and II, grouping Vietnam pmama-1 into 19 distinct haplotypes. Although overall profiles of amino acid polymorphisms in Vietnam pmama-1 mirrored those from other Southeast Asia countries, positions and frequencies of amino acid changes varied by countries. Most amino acid changes detected in pmama-1 were predicted to be positioned on the surface of the protein. Evidences of natural selection and evolutionary trend of the gene were also observed.

Conclusions

This study highlights a substantial genetic heterogeneity of pmama-1 in P. malariae population and expands our knowledge on genetic nature of this gene. To understand the genetic nature and evolution of global pmama-1, further studies with larger numbers of P. malariae isolates from other global regions are necessary.