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Background <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the commonest sexually transmitted infection. High-risk HPV DNA is found in the vast majority of HPV-associated cervical cancers. This study aimed to determine the distribution of HPV genotypes in Golestan Province, Iran, a region with limited prior data.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to October 2023. Genital or cervical samples from women (<i>n</i> = 996) and penile or anal samples from men (<i>n</i> = 8) were collected. HPV DNA detection and initial risk stratification (high-risk vs. low-risk) was performed with the Hybrid Capture II system (HC2; Digene). Specific genotype identification was inferred from the probe pools used.</p> Results <p>Out of 1,004 participants, at least one HPV genotype was identified in 391 (38.94%; 95% CI: 35.96%-41.99%). Of the HPV-positive samples, 155 (39.64%) had low-risk genotypes, 104 (26.59%) had high-risk genotypes, and 132 (33.77%) had mixed infections. The most common genotypes were HPV-6 (7.37%), HPV-11 (5.18%), HPV-16 (4.48%), HPV-62 (4.48%), and HPV-81 (3.98%). The mean age of HPV-positive participants was significantly lower than HPV-negative participants (34.26 ± 9.52 vs. 35.69 ± 9.54 years, <i>p</i> = 0.02), with the highest frequency in the 25–34 age group (42.5%). Of the 8 men, only one had a detectable HPV genotype (HPV-11); this finding is descriptive due to the small sample size.</p> Conclusions <p>HPV infection is common in our population, particularly among women aged 25–34 years. The high prevalence of HPV-16, a primary cause of cervical cancer, underscores the importance of vaccination. These findings provide a valuable baseline reference to guide cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs in Northern Iran.</p>

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Epidemiology and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Northern Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Hadi Razavi Nikoo,
  • Sedigheh Damavandi Kamali,
  • Sahar Lashkari,
  • Raheleh Rezaie,
  • Alijan Tabarraei,
  • Hojjat Allah Yami,
  • Hamid Reza Joshaghani,
  • Fatemeh Mehravar,
  • Malihe Azadehrah

摘要

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the commonest sexually transmitted infection. High-risk HPV DNA is found in the vast majority of HPV-associated cervical cancers. This study aimed to determine the distribution of HPV genotypes in Golestan Province, Iran, a region with limited prior data.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to October 2023. Genital or cervical samples from women (n = 996) and penile or anal samples from men (n = 8) were collected. HPV DNA detection and initial risk stratification (high-risk vs. low-risk) was performed with the Hybrid Capture II system (HC2; Digene). Specific genotype identification was inferred from the probe pools used.

Results

Out of 1,004 participants, at least one HPV genotype was identified in 391 (38.94%; 95% CI: 35.96%-41.99%). Of the HPV-positive samples, 155 (39.64%) had low-risk genotypes, 104 (26.59%) had high-risk genotypes, and 132 (33.77%) had mixed infections. The most common genotypes were HPV-6 (7.37%), HPV-11 (5.18%), HPV-16 (4.48%), HPV-62 (4.48%), and HPV-81 (3.98%). The mean age of HPV-positive participants was significantly lower than HPV-negative participants (34.26 ± 9.52 vs. 35.69 ± 9.54 years, p = 0.02), with the highest frequency in the 25–34 age group (42.5%). Of the 8 men, only one had a detectable HPV genotype (HPV-11); this finding is descriptive due to the small sample size.

Conclusions

HPV infection is common in our population, particularly among women aged 25–34 years. The high prevalence of HPV-16, a primary cause of cervical cancer, underscores the importance of vaccination. These findings provide a valuable baseline reference to guide cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs in Northern Iran.