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Background <p>HIV-1 subtype B, introduced to mainland China at an early stage, rapidly spread among commercial plasma donors and heterosexuals (HETs) during the 1990s. It was first identified in Hainan, which has a population of 10&#xa0;million, in 2007. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data about the molecular-epidemiological characteristics, spatial origins, and transmission patterns of this strain on the island of China.</p> Methods <p><i>Pol</i> sequences for HIV-1 subtype B from Hainan Island (2007–2024) were obtained from our research and global databases. An analysis of phylogenetic data, molecular clock models, and a Bayesian coalescent-based approach was performed to investigate how HIV-1 subtype B was introduced and disseminated on this island.</p> Results <p>A total of 76 sequences were obtained from Hainan Island, of which 52.63% were collected from men who have sex with men (MSM). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that HIV-1 subtype B circulating on the island was closely related to HIV-1 sequence lineages in Guangdong (22.84%, 127/556), Hubei (12.59%, 70/556), and Beijing (14.03%, 78/556), indicating multiple introductions from various cities in China. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that 27 Hainan sequences were together in clusters [posterior probability (<i>PP</i>) &gt; 0.90], and 18 Hainan sequences were intermixed in larger clades containing sequences from other provinces (<i>PP</i> &gt; 0.90). Bayes factors (BF) demonstrated that subtype B on the Island originated from Guangdong Province (BF &gt; 100) in 1999.9 (95% HPD:1996.7, 2002.7) and Hubei Province (BF &gt; 100) in 2007.9 (95% HPD:2004.4, 2011.2). Subsequently, HIV-1 subtype B was introduced to Beijing from the island (BF &gt; 100). The analysis of viral migration patterns among risk subgroups revealed that subtype B was introduced to the island by MSMs (BF &gt; 100). Within the island, this strain was from MSM to HETs (BF &gt; 100).</p> Conclusion <p>Using Hainan Island as a case study, our findings shed light on the intricate evolution and transmission dynamics of HIV-1 subtype B on the island, revealing crucial insights for HIV prevention efforts in the future.</p>

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The origin and dissemination of HIV-1 subtype B on Hainan Island, South China, 2007–2024

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月4日

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  • Chunyun Lu,
  • Kaokao Zhu,
  • Nengde Zhang,
  • Mu Li,
  • Shanmei Zhong,
  • Cai Qin,
  • Tong Luo,
  • Rongjing Zhang,
  • Jing Zhang,
  • Yi Ning,
  • Hao Liang,
  • Li Ye,
  • Bingyu Liang,
  • Dee Yu

摘要

Background

HIV-1 subtype B, introduced to mainland China at an early stage, rapidly spread among commercial plasma donors and heterosexuals (HETs) during the 1990s. It was first identified in Hainan, which has a population of 10 million, in 2007. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data about the molecular-epidemiological characteristics, spatial origins, and transmission patterns of this strain on the island of China.

Methods

Pol sequences for HIV-1 subtype B from Hainan Island (2007–2024) were obtained from our research and global databases. An analysis of phylogenetic data, molecular clock models, and a Bayesian coalescent-based approach was performed to investigate how HIV-1 subtype B was introduced and disseminated on this island.

Results

A total of 76 sequences were obtained from Hainan Island, of which 52.63% were collected from men who have sex with men (MSM). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that HIV-1 subtype B circulating on the island was closely related to HIV-1 sequence lineages in Guangdong (22.84%, 127/556), Hubei (12.59%, 70/556), and Beijing (14.03%, 78/556), indicating multiple introductions from various cities in China. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that 27 Hainan sequences were together in clusters [posterior probability (PP) > 0.90], and 18 Hainan sequences were intermixed in larger clades containing sequences from other provinces (PP > 0.90). Bayes factors (BF) demonstrated that subtype B on the Island originated from Guangdong Province (BF > 100) in 1999.9 (95% HPD:1996.7, 2002.7) and Hubei Province (BF > 100) in 2007.9 (95% HPD:2004.4, 2011.2). Subsequently, HIV-1 subtype B was introduced to Beijing from the island (BF > 100). The analysis of viral migration patterns among risk subgroups revealed that subtype B was introduced to the island by MSMs (BF > 100). Within the island, this strain was from MSM to HETs (BF > 100).

Conclusion

Using Hainan Island as a case study, our findings shed light on the intricate evolution and transmission dynamics of HIV-1 subtype B on the island, revealing crucial insights for HIV prevention efforts in the future.