Background There is increasing interest in flexible Bayesian models for the analysis of time-to-event data, especially with their use in medical applications such as Health Technology Assessment (HTA). While these Bayesian approaches offer advantages of incorporating prior knowledge and transparently expressing model uncertainty to aid decision-making, they remain underused in practice. A flexible Bayesian model has recently been proposed for use in HTA settings which uses M-splines to model the hazard function, and is implemented in the <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">survextrap</Emphasis> R package. Methods We conducted a simulation study to assess the statistical performance of the Bayesian survival model implemented in <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">survextrap</Emphasis>. We simulate survival outcomes based on control arm data from two oncology clinical trials, and generate treatment arm survival based on different realistic treatment effect scenarios. Statistical performance in modelling a single treatment arm or the difference between treatment arms is compared across a range of flexible models, varying the M-spline specification, smoothing procedure, priors, treatment effect modelling choices and other computational settings. Results We demonstrate good model fit and convergence of complex baseline hazard functions and time-dependent covariate effects across realistic clinical trial scenarios. We show that a sufficiently flexible M-spline, implemented using a weighted random walk prior on the spline coefficients, can provide a smooth fit to the hazard without risk of overfitting, and gives unbiased estimates of restricted mean survival over the trial follow-up with good coverage of the credible intervals. Bayesian model fitting with an efficient Laplace approximation provides unbiased estimation but overestimates posterior variance. In some treatment effect scenarios, the <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">survextrap</Emphasis> non-proportional hazards models displayed greater bias than standard frequentist survival modelling tools such as <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">flexsurv</Emphasis> and <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">rstpm2</Emphasis>. Conclusions This work helps inform key considerations to guide model selection and estimation performance when fitting flexible Bayesian models to trial data. These findings help identify appropriate default model settings in the software that should perform well in a broad range of settings, as well as more specific considerations to guide model selection for advanced users. This work further ensures users have greater confidence in the validity of these survival models and their implementation.

Simulation-based assessment of a Bayesian M-spline survival model with flexible baseline hazard and time-dependent effects

期刊论文
出版模式：

开放获取
发表日期：

2026年2月12日

查看全文

Iain R. Timmins,
Fatemeh Torabi,
Christopher H. Jackson,
Paul C. Lambert,
Michael J. Sweeting

摘要

Background

There is increasing interest in flexible Bayesian models for the analysis of time-to-event data, especially with their use in medical applications such as Health Technology Assessment (HTA). While these Bayesian approaches offer advantages of incorporating prior knowledge and transparently expressing model uncertainty to aid decision-making, they remain underused in practice. A flexible Bayesian model has recently been proposed for use in HTA settings which uses M-splines to model the hazard function, and is implemented in the survextrap R package.

Methods

We conducted a simulation study to assess the statistical performance of the Bayesian survival model implemented in survextrap. We simulate survival outcomes based on control arm data from two oncology clinical trials, and generate treatment arm survival based on different realistic treatment effect scenarios. Statistical performance in modelling a single treatment arm or the difference between treatment arms is compared across a range of flexible models, varying the M-spline specification, smoothing procedure, priors, treatment effect modelling choices and other computational settings.

Results

We demonstrate good model fit and convergence of complex baseline hazard functions and time-dependent covariate effects across realistic clinical trial scenarios. We show that a sufficiently flexible M-spline, implemented using a weighted random walk prior on the spline coefficients, can provide a smooth fit to the hazard without risk of overfitting, and gives unbiased estimates of restricted mean survival over the trial follow-up with good coverage of the credible intervals. Bayesian model fitting with an efficient Laplace approximation provides unbiased estimation but overestimates posterior variance. In some treatment effect scenarios, the survextrap non-proportional hazards models displayed greater bias than standard frequentist survival modelling tools such as flexsurv and rstpm2.

Conclusions

This work helps inform key considerations to guide model selection and estimation performance when fitting flexible Bayesian models to trial data. These findings help identify appropriate default model settings in the software that should perform well in a broad range of settings, as well as more specific considerations to guide model selection for advanced users. This work further ensures users have greater confidence in the validity of these survival models and their implementation.