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Background <p>Endocarditis is a serious cardiovascular infection associated with high mortality and disability. Its global epidemiological patterns and long-term trends have not been comprehensively characterized.</p> Methods <p>Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 1990-2021 were used to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and Deaths of endocarditis across 204 countries and territories. Temporal trends were analyzed using percentage change and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), region, age, and sex.</p> Results <p>Between 1990 and 2021, the absolute number of endocarditis cases increased: prevalence by 14%, incidence by 34%, DALYs by 26%, and Deaths by 29%. Conversely, age-standardized rates declined (EAPCs: -0.58 for prevalence, -0.09 for incidence, -0.33 for DALYs, -0.29 for Deaths). Females had higher prevalence and incidence, while males experienced greater Deaths and DALYs burdens. The burden was concentrated among individuals aged ≥&#xa0;65 years, with slight increases observed in children under 5 in low-SDI regions. High-SDI regions showed declining trends in age-standardized metrics, whereas low- and middle-SDI regions exhibited increases. Correlation analysis indicated a moderate association between SDI and prevalence (<i>R&#xa0;</i>= 0.543), a stronger association with incidence (<i>R&#xa0;</i>= 0.770), and a weak correlation with DALYs (<i>R&#xa0;</i>= 0.063).</p> Conclusions <p>The absolute burden of endocarditis has increased globally despite declining standardized rates, with older adults and low-SDI populations disproportionately affected. These findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and equitable access to care, although limited clinical detail in the GBD framework restricts direct clinical interpretation.</p>

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Global, regional, and national burden of endocarditis, 1990−2021: a systematic analysis of the GBD 2021 study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月31日

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  • Ji Feng,
  • Peng Liu,
  • Hailong Li,
  • Hong Chen,
  • Qiwei Shen,
  • Hualong Liu,
  • Jinzhu Hu

摘要

Background

Endocarditis is a serious cardiovascular infection associated with high mortality and disability. Its global epidemiological patterns and long-term trends have not been comprehensively characterized.

Methods

Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 1990-2021 were used to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and Deaths of endocarditis across 204 countries and territories. Temporal trends were analyzed using percentage change and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), region, age, and sex.

Results

Between 1990 and 2021, the absolute number of endocarditis cases increased: prevalence by 14%, incidence by 34%, DALYs by 26%, and Deaths by 29%. Conversely, age-standardized rates declined (EAPCs: -0.58 for prevalence, -0.09 for incidence, -0.33 for DALYs, -0.29 for Deaths). Females had higher prevalence and incidence, while males experienced greater Deaths and DALYs burdens. The burden was concentrated among individuals aged ≥ 65 years, with slight increases observed in children under 5 in low-SDI regions. High-SDI regions showed declining trends in age-standardized metrics, whereas low- and middle-SDI regions exhibited increases. Correlation analysis indicated a moderate association between SDI and prevalence (R = 0.543), a stronger association with incidence (R = 0.770), and a weak correlation with DALYs (R = 0.063).

Conclusions

The absolute burden of endocarditis has increased globally despite declining standardized rates, with older adults and low-SDI populations disproportionately affected. These findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and equitable access to care, although limited clinical detail in the GBD framework restricts direct clinical interpretation.