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Background <p>The primary ornamental feature of <i>Aquilegia</i> plants is their coloration, which corresponds to the content of flavonoids in the petals. To investigate intrinsic mechanisms of these color changes, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of differently colored <i>A. viridiflora</i> specimens.</p> Results <p>A total of 385 flavonoid metabolites were identified, showing significant variations of anthocyanin and flavonoid contents among different populations. Integrated transcriptomic analysis identified key differentially expressed genes, including <i>C4H, HCT, CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, DFR, LAR,</i> and <i>ANS</i> as strong candidate regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis. Additionally, a stepwise regression analysis with environmental variables indicated that the color variation may be influenced by the average monthly diurnal temperature range.</p> Conclusions <p>This study identifies key genes and metabolites involved in regulating petal color via flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide a foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of color variation.</p>

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Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that flavonoid metabolic pathways are associated with petal discoloration in Aquilegia viridiflora s.l

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Tengjiao Zhang,
  • Andrey Erst,
  • Jian Zhang,
  • Mengfei Yu,
  • Elvira Tishchenko,
  • Sixin Liang,
  • Huaying Wang,
  • Hongxing Xiao

摘要

Background

The primary ornamental feature of Aquilegia plants is their coloration, which corresponds to the content of flavonoids in the petals. To investigate intrinsic mechanisms of these color changes, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of differently colored A. viridiflora specimens.

Results

A total of 385 flavonoid metabolites were identified, showing significant variations of anthocyanin and flavonoid contents among different populations. Integrated transcriptomic analysis identified key differentially expressed genes, including C4H, HCT, CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, DFR, LAR, and ANS as strong candidate regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis. Additionally, a stepwise regression analysis with environmental variables indicated that the color variation may be influenced by the average monthly diurnal temperature range.

Conclusions

This study identifies key genes and metabolites involved in regulating petal color via flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide a foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of color variation.