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<p>Infectious microorganisms are among the major factors that complicate skin and wound infections, highlighting the need for novel antimicrobial agents of natural origin. In this in vitro study, the essential oils (EOs) of four Lamiaceae species (<i>Mentha longifolia</i> (L.) L., <i>Mentha spicata</i> L., <i>Salvia reuteriana</i> Boiss., and <i>Teucrium polium</i> L.) collected from Kashan, Iran, were evaluated for their chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against selected standard microbial strains. The aerial parts were collected from three regions (Cheshme Shahsavaran, Nushabad, and Sefidshahr), and EOs were extracted using hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical constituents were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods to determine inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) against Gram-positive bacteria <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (CIP 81.55) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 29737); three Gram-negative bacteria, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (ATCC 10031), <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (ATCC 43071), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (ATCC 27853); and one yeast strain, <i>Candida albicans</i> (ATCC 10231).The highest EO yield (2.37%) was obtained from <i>M. spicata</i>, while <i>S. reuteriana</i> showed the lowest yield (0.43%). GC–MS analysis identified pulegone (38.63%) in <i>M. longifolia</i>, carvone (50.47%) in <i>M. spicata</i>, α-pinene (18.92%) in <i>T. polium</i>, and n-hexyl benzoate (82.14%) in <i>S. reuteriana</i>. Among the tested samples, <i>M. longifolia</i> EOs showed the highest activity among the evaluated EOs, with a 10&#xa0;mm inhibition zone against <i>S. epidermidis</i> and the lowest MIC value (250&#xa0;µg/mL) against <i>C. albicans</i>. <i>M. spicata</i> EOs also demonstrated measurable in vitro activity against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (MIC = 250&#xa0;µg/mL). These findings provide preliminary experimental evidence that EOs from these native Lamiaceae species contain bioactive constituents with measurable in vitro antimicrobial activity. However, further mechanistic investigations and <i>in vivo</i> studies are necessary to clarify their biological relevance and potential applications.</p>

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GC–MS characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from selected Lamiaceae species collected in Kashan, Iran

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Shahab Ojani,
  • Mansureh Ghavam

摘要

Infectious microorganisms are among the major factors that complicate skin and wound infections, highlighting the need for novel antimicrobial agents of natural origin. In this in vitro study, the essential oils (EOs) of four Lamiaceae species (Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Mentha spicata L., Salvia reuteriana Boiss., and Teucrium polium L.) collected from Kashan, Iran, were evaluated for their chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against selected standard microbial strains. The aerial parts were collected from three regions (Cheshme Shahsavaran, Nushabad, and Sefidshahr), and EOs were extracted using hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical constituents were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods to determine inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (CIP 81.55) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737); three Gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 43071), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853); and one yeast strain, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231).The highest EO yield (2.37%) was obtained from M. spicata, while S. reuteriana showed the lowest yield (0.43%). GC–MS analysis identified pulegone (38.63%) in M. longifolia, carvone (50.47%) in M. spicata, α-pinene (18.92%) in T. polium, and n-hexyl benzoate (82.14%) in S. reuteriana. Among the tested samples, M. longifolia EOs showed the highest activity among the evaluated EOs, with a 10 mm inhibition zone against S. epidermidis and the lowest MIC value (250 µg/mL) against C. albicans. M. spicata EOs also demonstrated measurable in vitro activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC = 250 µg/mL). These findings provide preliminary experimental evidence that EOs from these native Lamiaceae species contain bioactive constituents with measurable in vitro antimicrobial activity. However, further mechanistic investigations and in vivo studies are necessary to clarify their biological relevance and potential applications.