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Background <p>Auxin Response Factors (<i>ARFs</i>) are key transcription factors regulating auxin-mediated plant growth and development. However, their roles in wax gourd (<i>Benincasa hispida</i>) remain unexplored.</p> Result <p>We identified 26 <i>BhARF</i> genes genome-wide, more than in cucumber, likely reflecting lineage-specific gene family expansion and species-specific evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis grouped them into seven groups, indicating evolutionary conservation. Motif and gene structure analyses showed high sequence similarity, while synteny analysis suggested lineage-specific expansion via dispersed duplication. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven gene distribution. Comparative synteny indicated stronger conservation within Cucurbitaceae than with <i>Arabidopsis</i>. Transcriptome profiling showed <i>BhARF6a</i> and <i>BhARF6b</i> were highly expressed in fruit. Both localized to the nucleus, and transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> expressing <i>BhARF6a</i> and <i>BhARF6b</i> exhibited enhanced plant height and larger siliques; notably, <i>BhARF6a</i> significantly increased total seed weight, while <i>BhARF6b</i> mainly increased 1000-seed weight without significantly affecting total seed weight per plant. In addition, higher endogenous IAA levels were observed in the higher-yielding transgenic line.</p> Conclusion <p>Our study reveals the evolutionary patterns and functional significance of <i>BhARF</i> genes in wax gourd, especially <i>BhARF6a</i> and <i>BhARF6b</i> in fruit development. These findings offer a basis for future research and genetic improvement in Cucurbitaceae.</p>

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ARF gene family in wax gourd (Benincasa hispida)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月23日

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  • Xiaoxin Cheng,
  • Piaoyun Sun,
  • Jinqiang Yan,
  • Xuling Zhai,
  • Wenrui Liu,
  • Dian Li,
  • Jiesheng Hong,
  • Zhenqiang Cao,
  • Biao Jiang

摘要

Background

Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are key transcription factors regulating auxin-mediated plant growth and development. However, their roles in wax gourd (Benincasa hispida) remain unexplored.

Result

We identified 26 BhARF genes genome-wide, more than in cucumber, likely reflecting lineage-specific gene family expansion and species-specific evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis grouped them into seven groups, indicating evolutionary conservation. Motif and gene structure analyses showed high sequence similarity, while synteny analysis suggested lineage-specific expansion via dispersed duplication. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven gene distribution. Comparative synteny indicated stronger conservation within Cucurbitaceae than with Arabidopsis. Transcriptome profiling showed BhARF6a and BhARF6b were highly expressed in fruit. Both localized to the nucleus, and transgenic Arabidopsis expressing BhARF6a and BhARF6b exhibited enhanced plant height and larger siliques; notably, BhARF6a significantly increased total seed weight, while BhARF6b mainly increased 1000-seed weight without significantly affecting total seed weight per plant. In addition, higher endogenous IAA levels were observed in the higher-yielding transgenic line.

Conclusion

Our study reveals the evolutionary patterns and functional significance of BhARF genes in wax gourd, especially BhARF6a and BhARF6b in fruit development. These findings offer a basis for future research and genetic improvement in Cucurbitaceae.