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<p>Drought stress induces profound biochemical and physiological disturbances in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), including oxidative imbalance, chlorophyll degradation, osmotic disruption, and membrane injury. This study evaluated the individual and synergistic effects of two key metabolites, melatonin (MT) and myo-inositol (MI) in enhancing drought resilience across five genetically diverse apple rootstocks (MM 111, MM 106, Bud 118, MM 116, and M9). A two-phase experimental framework was implemented, beginning with metabolite dose optimisation under 40% field capacity using the Response Index (RI) and Comprehensive Response Index (CRI). The combined application T3 (100 µM MT + 100 µM MI) consistently exhibited the lowest CRI values, indicating superior biochemical stability and stress mitigation. In Phase II, selected treatments were evaluated under drought (40% FC) and irrigated (100% FC) regimes across two seasons. Drought markedly reduced chlorophyll stability and osmolyte balance while elevating electrolyte leakage and oxidative stress markers. In contrast, the optimised combined treatment (100 µM MT + 100 µM MI) significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, maintained chlorophyll integrity, stabilised membranes, and improved osmotic regulation. Among the evaluated rootstocks, Bud 118 and MM 111 showed the highest biochemical responsiveness, reflecting a strong genotype × metabolite interaction. Overall, the results demonstrate that melatonin and myo-inositol act synergistically to fortify antioxidant defences and mitigate drought-induced biochemical injury. Collectively, this study demonstrates that targeted metabolite application, when strategically integrated with genetically drought-tolerant rootstocks, offers a scientifically robust and practically deployable framework for reinforcing biochemical stability, safeguarding photosynthetic function, and sustaining apple productivity under escalating drought scenarios in the North-Western Himalayan region.</p>

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Synergistic melatonin and myo-inositol application reinforces antioxidant defence, osmotic homeostasis, and membrane stability in Western Himalayan apple rootstocks under drought stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Shireen Khatri,
  • Dharam Paul Sharma,
  • Nitin Sharma,
  • Pramod Kumar,
  • Richa Rana,
  • Vijit Gupta,
  • Karanveer Singh Dilta,
  • Rahul Sharma

摘要

Drought stress induces profound biochemical and physiological disturbances in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), including oxidative imbalance, chlorophyll degradation, osmotic disruption, and membrane injury. This study evaluated the individual and synergistic effects of two key metabolites, melatonin (MT) and myo-inositol (MI) in enhancing drought resilience across five genetically diverse apple rootstocks (MM 111, MM 106, Bud 118, MM 116, and M9). A two-phase experimental framework was implemented, beginning with metabolite dose optimisation under 40% field capacity using the Response Index (RI) and Comprehensive Response Index (CRI). The combined application T3 (100 µM MT + 100 µM MI) consistently exhibited the lowest CRI values, indicating superior biochemical stability and stress mitigation. In Phase II, selected treatments were evaluated under drought (40% FC) and irrigated (100% FC) regimes across two seasons. Drought markedly reduced chlorophyll stability and osmolyte balance while elevating electrolyte leakage and oxidative stress markers. In contrast, the optimised combined treatment (100 µM MT + 100 µM MI) significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, maintained chlorophyll integrity, stabilised membranes, and improved osmotic regulation. Among the evaluated rootstocks, Bud 118 and MM 111 showed the highest biochemical responsiveness, reflecting a strong genotype × metabolite interaction. Overall, the results demonstrate that melatonin and myo-inositol act synergistically to fortify antioxidant defences and mitigate drought-induced biochemical injury. Collectively, this study demonstrates that targeted metabolite application, when strategically integrated with genetically drought-tolerant rootstocks, offers a scientifically robust and practically deployable framework for reinforcing biochemical stability, safeguarding photosynthetic function, and sustaining apple productivity under escalating drought scenarios in the North-Western Himalayan region.