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Background <p>Calmodulin (CAMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) play pivotal roles in sensing and decoding Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals, thereby regulating of various physiological processes. Although <i>CAM/CML</i> genes in numerous plants have been extensively studied, their specific functions and mechanisms in orchids remain unexplored. In order to reveal the characteristics of the <i>CAM/CML</i> family in <i>Cremastra appendiculata</i>, a comprehensive analysis was performed at the genome-wide level, focusing on its physicochemical attributes, phylogenetic associations, gene structure, <i>Cis</i>-acting elements, and qRT-PCR.</p> Results <p>A total of 78 CAM/CML genes were identified in <i>C. appendiculata</i>, including five <i>CAPPCAM</i> and 73 <i>CAPPCML</i>, divided into ten subgroups (Subgroup I-X). Subgroups I and II contain one to four coding DNA sequences (CDS), while subgroup IX includes 9 genes with only one CDS and the remaining genes possess 4–12 CDS. The collinearity analysis revealed seven collinear <i>CAM/CML</i> gene pairs between <i>C. appendiculata</i> and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, indicating the homology of <i>CAM/CML</i> genes between these two species. The <i>cis</i>-elements in the <i>CAPPCAMs/CMLs</i> promoter mainly enrich methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elements (202/1120, 18%). The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the CAPPCAM/CAPPCML gene family plays important roles in responding to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Notably, root tissues demonstrated a marked induction effect upon symbiosis, with gene expression regulation exhibiting distinct tissue specificity.</p> Conclusions <p>This study not only lays the foundation for clarifying the functions of such genes in mycorrhizal symbiosis of <i>C. appendiculata</i>, but also highlights its potential for biotechnology development.</p>

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The regulatory mechanisms of CAM/CML gene family in governing mycorrhizal fungi in Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Qiong Wang,
  • Xuewei Zhao,
  • Xi Yuan,
  • Zhong-Jian Liu,
  • Yu Zhang

摘要

Background

Calmodulin (CAMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) play pivotal roles in sensing and decoding Ca2+ signals, thereby regulating of various physiological processes. Although CAM/CML genes in numerous plants have been extensively studied, their specific functions and mechanisms in orchids remain unexplored. In order to reveal the characteristics of the CAM/CML family in Cremastra appendiculata, a comprehensive analysis was performed at the genome-wide level, focusing on its physicochemical attributes, phylogenetic associations, gene structure, Cis-acting elements, and qRT-PCR.

Results

A total of 78 CAM/CML genes were identified in C. appendiculata, including five CAPPCAM and 73 CAPPCML, divided into ten subgroups (Subgroup I-X). Subgroups I and II contain one to four coding DNA sequences (CDS), while subgroup IX includes 9 genes with only one CDS and the remaining genes possess 4–12 CDS. The collinearity analysis revealed seven collinear CAM/CML gene pairs between C. appendiculata and Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating the homology of CAM/CML genes between these two species. The cis-elements in the CAPPCAMs/CMLs promoter mainly enrich methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elements (202/1120, 18%). The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the CAPPCAM/CAPPCML gene family plays important roles in responding to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Notably, root tissues demonstrated a marked induction effect upon symbiosis, with gene expression regulation exhibiting distinct tissue specificity.

Conclusions

This study not only lays the foundation for clarifying the functions of such genes in mycorrhizal symbiosis of C. appendiculata, but also highlights its potential for biotechnology development.