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Background <p>Female inflorescence development from megasporogenesis to gametogenesis, and mature female gametophyte (FG), is a complex and important event in plant sexual reproduction. However, how this essential developmental process is regulated in birch remains obscure. This study conducted extensive morphological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal possible regulatory mechanisms during birch female inflorescence development.</p> Results <p>Histological analyses showed that birch exhibits a Polygonum-type embryo sac. During early ovule development, the ovule primordium emerges and subsequently differentiates into the archesporial cell (ASC), initiating megasporogenesis. The megaspore mother cell (MMC) then undergoes meiosis, generating a functional megaspore (FM) that develops into the mature embryo sac (MES). Transcriptomic profiling revealed upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging genes, including <i>BpGSTU17</i>, <i>BpGSTU19</i>, <i>BpAPX1</i>, <i>BpPRXIIE</i>-1, <i>BpSODCP</i>, and <i>BpFDX3</i>, at the MMC stage. At the MES stage, genes involved in both ROS synthesis and scavenging, such as <i>BpACX</i>, <i>BpCuAOγ1</i>, <i>BpGLO1</i>, <i>BpRBOHH</i>, <i>BpUOX2</i>, <i>BpFSD2</i>, <i>BpCAT3</i>, <i>BpGRX</i>, <i>BpNRX</i>, and <i>BpTRX</i>, were significantly expressed. <i>BpPAL</i>, <i>BpC4H</i>, <i>BpCSE</i>, <i>BpCoMT</i>, <i>BpCCoAOMT</i>, <i>BpCAD</i>, <i>BpF5H</i>, <i>BpLAC</i>, <i>BpXTH23</i>, and <i>BpCESA</i>, genes involved in the cell wall biosynthesis pathways including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, were also upregulated.</p> Conclusion <p>Our results suggest that ROS homeostasis affects the process of birch megasporogenesis. Genes related to ROS signaling and cell wall synthesis participate in embryo sac maturation.</p>

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ROS homeostasis and cell wall biosynthesis pathway are involved in female inflorescence development of birch (Betula platyphylla)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Mengjie Cai,
  • Kehao Zeng,
  • Lanlan Li,
  • Jiayuan Shi,
  • Bello Hassan Jakada,
  • Xue Zhang,
  • Pu Wang,
  • Haonan Zhu,
  • Jing Jiang,
  • Xingguo Lan

摘要

Background

Female inflorescence development from megasporogenesis to gametogenesis, and mature female gametophyte (FG), is a complex and important event in plant sexual reproduction. However, how this essential developmental process is regulated in birch remains obscure. This study conducted extensive morphological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal possible regulatory mechanisms during birch female inflorescence development.

Results

Histological analyses showed that birch exhibits a Polygonum-type embryo sac. During early ovule development, the ovule primordium emerges and subsequently differentiates into the archesporial cell (ASC), initiating megasporogenesis. The megaspore mother cell (MMC) then undergoes meiosis, generating a functional megaspore (FM) that develops into the mature embryo sac (MES). Transcriptomic profiling revealed upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging genes, including BpGSTU17, BpGSTU19, BpAPX1, BpPRXIIE-1, BpSODCP, and BpFDX3, at the MMC stage. At the MES stage, genes involved in both ROS synthesis and scavenging, such as BpACX, BpCuAOγ1, BpGLO1, BpRBOHH, BpUOX2, BpFSD2, BpCAT3, BpGRX, BpNRX, and BpTRX, were significantly expressed. BpPAL, BpC4H, BpCSE, BpCoMT, BpCCoAOMT, BpCAD, BpF5H, BpLAC, BpXTH23, and BpCESA, genes involved in the cell wall biosynthesis pathways including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, were also upregulated.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that ROS homeostasis affects the process of birch megasporogenesis. Genes related to ROS signaling and cell wall synthesis participate in embryo sac maturation.