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<p><i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>) is one of several foodborne pathogens that continue to threaten the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, including fermented foods. A few studies have identified the presence of enterotoxigenic gene-encoding <i>B. cereus</i> in several southwestern states of Nigeria. However, Osun State remains the only southwestern state without data on the potential presence of enterotoxigenic gene-encoding <i>B. cereus</i>. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out using a convenience sampling method at three highly patronized locations (Shasha, Orisumbare, and Oja-Oba) of RTE fermented foods in Osogbo, Nigeria. Thirty-two samples comprising six varieties of RTE fermented foods (pap, <i>iru</i>, <i>gari</i>, <i>fufu</i>, <i>kunu</i>, and <i>soy wara</i>) were collected and analyzed for <i>Bacillus</i> species. Recovered <i>Bacillus</i> species were subjected to hemolysis test. Hemolytic <i>Bacillus</i> species were screened for enterotoxin gene operons (<i>nheABC</i> and <i>hblACD</i>) and antibiotic susceptibility. A total of 33 <i>Bacillus</i> species were recovered from the RTE fermented foods, among which four showed hemolytic properties. Furthermore, PCR screening showed three <i>Bacillus</i> isolates encoding <i>nhe</i> genes, and two encoding both <i>nhe</i> and <i>hbl</i> genes. 16&#xa0;S rRNA nucleotide sequencing identified the three isolates as <i>B. cereus</i>. The three <i>B. cereus</i> isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, cefadroxil, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid), trimethoprim, and fusidic acid; however, they were susceptible to gentamicin, linezolid, and chloramphenicol, and had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.64. This study identified the presence of enterotoxigenic genes in <i>B. cereus</i> recovered from RTE fermented foods sold in Osogbo, Nigeria, a potential food safety risk that requires in-depth surveillance.</p>

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Incidence of toxigenic Bacillus cereus in ready-to-eat fermented foods in Osogbo, Nigeria: a potential health risk

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Oluwafemi Bamidele Daramola,
  • Richard Kolade Omole,
  • Tomiwa Olumide Adesoji,
  • Alabi Peter Dare,
  • Ifeoluwa Victoria Daramola,
  • Nana Aishat Yusuf-Omoloye,
  • Aduragbemi Chukwuwem Emmanuel,
  • Oluwawemimo Precious Owoeye,
  • Adedotun Emmanuel Adekola,
  • Nkem Torimiro

摘要

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is one of several foodborne pathogens that continue to threaten the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, including fermented foods. A few studies have identified the presence of enterotoxigenic gene-encoding B. cereus in several southwestern states of Nigeria. However, Osun State remains the only southwestern state without data on the potential presence of enterotoxigenic gene-encoding B. cereus. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out using a convenience sampling method at three highly patronized locations (Shasha, Orisumbare, and Oja-Oba) of RTE fermented foods in Osogbo, Nigeria. Thirty-two samples comprising six varieties of RTE fermented foods (pap, iru, gari, fufu, kunu, and soy wara) were collected and analyzed for Bacillus species. Recovered Bacillus species were subjected to hemolysis test. Hemolytic Bacillus species were screened for enterotoxin gene operons (nheABC and hblACD) and antibiotic susceptibility. A total of 33 Bacillus species were recovered from the RTE fermented foods, among which four showed hemolytic properties. Furthermore, PCR screening showed three Bacillus isolates encoding nhe genes, and two encoding both nhe and hbl genes. 16 S rRNA nucleotide sequencing identified the three isolates as B. cereus. The three B. cereus isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, cefadroxil, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid), trimethoprim, and fusidic acid; however, they were susceptible to gentamicin, linezolid, and chloramphenicol, and had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.64. This study identified the presence of enterotoxigenic genes in B. cereus recovered from RTE fermented foods sold in Osogbo, Nigeria, a potential food safety risk that requires in-depth surveillance.