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Background <p>Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) poses a growing threat in Iranian healthcare settings, and biofilm formation exacerbates treatment challenges. This study assessed the antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnONPs against 58 clinical MRSA isolates collected from hospitals in Iran.</p> Methods <p>Isolates were identified via microbial and biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR targeting <i>nuc</i> (279&#xa0;bp) and <i>mec</i>A (310&#xa0;bp) genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using CLSI disk diffusion guidelines. The ZnONPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ZnONPs were determined by broth microdilution, and biofilm formation/inhibition was quantified using crystal violet staining.</p> Results <p>Of 131 <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, 58 (44.3%) were MRSA, exhibiting high resistance to Penicillin (100%), Erythromycin (91.4%), and Ciprofloxacin (74.1%), but full susceptibility to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. ZnONPs displayed potent activity, with MICs ranging from 8 to 1024&#xa0;µg/mL (MIC₅₀ = 64&#xa0;µg/mL; MIC₉₀ = 512&#xa0;µg/mL); 27.6% of isolates were inhibited at ≤ 16&#xa0;µg/mL. Among MRSA, 15.5% were strong biofilm producers, and sub-MIC (½ MIC) concentrations of ZnONPs reduced biofilm by 82.3 ± 7.6% (<i>P  &lt; 0.001</i>). Dynamic light scattering confirmed nanoparticle stability (size: 29.4 ± 4.2&#xa0;nm; PDI: 0.19).</p> Conclusions <p>These findings highlight ZnONPs as a promising, low-cost alternative for managing MRSA infections, particularly in biofilm-associated cases, warranting further clinical exploration in resource-limited settings.</p>

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Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effect on biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Aytan Marandi Moghaddam,
  • Shiva Ahmadishoar,
  • Sedigheh Fekri Aval

摘要

Background

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a growing threat in Iranian healthcare settings, and biofilm formation exacerbates treatment challenges. This study assessed the antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnONPs against 58 clinical MRSA isolates collected from hospitals in Iran.

Methods

Isolates were identified via microbial and biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR targeting nuc (279 bp) and mecA (310 bp) genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using CLSI disk diffusion guidelines. The ZnONPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ZnONPs were determined by broth microdilution, and biofilm formation/inhibition was quantified using crystal violet staining.

Results

Of 131 S. aureus isolates, 58 (44.3%) were MRSA, exhibiting high resistance to Penicillin (100%), Erythromycin (91.4%), and Ciprofloxacin (74.1%), but full susceptibility to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. ZnONPs displayed potent activity, with MICs ranging from 8 to 1024 µg/mL (MIC₅₀ = 64 µg/mL; MIC₉₀ = 512 µg/mL); 27.6% of isolates were inhibited at ≤ 16 µg/mL. Among MRSA, 15.5% were strong biofilm producers, and sub-MIC (½ MIC) concentrations of ZnONPs reduced biofilm by 82.3 ± 7.6% (P  < 0.001). Dynamic light scattering confirmed nanoparticle stability (size: 29.4 ± 4.2 nm; PDI: 0.19).

Conclusions

These findings highlight ZnONPs as a promising, low-cost alternative for managing MRSA infections, particularly in biofilm-associated cases, warranting further clinical exploration in resource-limited settings.