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Background <p>Sponges, the oldest metazoans on the planet, have an evolutionary history shaped by symbiotic associations with microorganisms. Although well studied in marine sponges, these associations are poorly understood in freshwater species. This study explored the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of the microbiome of the freshwater sponge <i>Metania</i> sp. and its distinction from the surrounding water, using a metagenomic approach. The samples were collected in the Brazilian Cerrado.</p> Results <p>Taxonomic assignment identified 17 phyla, including bacterial and archaeal, with 19 sequence variants successfully assigned to the species level. Bacteria comprised 16 phyla, with a predominance of <i>Pseudomonadota</i>, <i>Actinomycetota</i>, and <i>Bacteroidota</i> in both microbiomes. The sponge microbiome is distinct from the water microbiome (PERMANOVA; F = 21.6, <i>p</i> = 0.04), sharing only 27% of the identified taxa. Functional prediction resulted in 7,201 KEGG Orthologs (KOs), assigned to 117 significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Although 95 pathways are shared, differential abundance analysis identified 1,024 KOs more abundant in the sponge microbiome and 1,275 in the water. The presence of bacterial defense systems such as CRISPR-Cas in the sponge microbiome suggests a crucial role in protecting against phages while maintaining symbiosis. In contrast, the water microbiota is enriched with pathways linked to environmental adaptation, such as secondary metabolite biosynthesis and pollutant degradation. Although the water microbiome harbored 1.3 times more biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), the sponge microbiome also demonstrated biotechnological potential for producing secondary metabolites, especially antimicrobial.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings demonstrate that the freshwater sponge <i>Metania</i> sp. hosts a complex and functionally specialized microbial community that plays fundamental roles in adaptation, nutrition, and defense, highlighting the critical importance of symbiotic associations for the host.</p>

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Taxonomic and functional diversity of the microbiome associated with the freshwater sponge Metania sp. (Haplosclerida: Metaniidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, a metagenomic approach

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Carla Patrícia Pereira Alves,
  • Otávio Henrique Bezerra Pinto,
  • Georgios Joannis Pappas Jr,
  • Sula Salani Mota,
  • Janina Rahlff,
  • Ricardo Henrique Krüger

摘要

Background

Sponges, the oldest metazoans on the planet, have an evolutionary history shaped by symbiotic associations with microorganisms. Although well studied in marine sponges, these associations are poorly understood in freshwater species. This study explored the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of the microbiome of the freshwater sponge Metania sp. and its distinction from the surrounding water, using a metagenomic approach. The samples were collected in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Results

Taxonomic assignment identified 17 phyla, including bacterial and archaeal, with 19 sequence variants successfully assigned to the species level. Bacteria comprised 16 phyla, with a predominance of Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, and Bacteroidota in both microbiomes. The sponge microbiome is distinct from the water microbiome (PERMANOVA; F = 21.6, p = 0.04), sharing only 27% of the identified taxa. Functional prediction resulted in 7,201 KEGG Orthologs (KOs), assigned to 117 significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Although 95 pathways are shared, differential abundance analysis identified 1,024 KOs more abundant in the sponge microbiome and 1,275 in the water. The presence of bacterial defense systems such as CRISPR-Cas in the sponge microbiome suggests a crucial role in protecting against phages while maintaining symbiosis. In contrast, the water microbiota is enriched with pathways linked to environmental adaptation, such as secondary metabolite biosynthesis and pollutant degradation. Although the water microbiome harbored 1.3 times more biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), the sponge microbiome also demonstrated biotechnological potential for producing secondary metabolites, especially antimicrobial.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that the freshwater sponge Metania sp. hosts a complex and functionally specialized microbial community that plays fundamental roles in adaptation, nutrition, and defense, highlighting the critical importance of symbiotic associations for the host.