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Abstract <p><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> is a spore−forming, obligate anaerobic bacillus commonly found in soil and the intestinal tracts of animals. It is a major cause of antibiotic−associated diarrhea (AAD) in humans. Our previous study suggested a possible environmental dissemination. To investigate whether atmospheric aerosols contribute to its spread, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected from ten geographic locations in East Asia, and the presence of <i>C. difficile</i> genomic sequences was assessed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Additionally, atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected from two sites in Japan, and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and selective culturing. <i>C. difficile</i> genomic sequences were detected in aerosols from 8 sampling sites, with relative abundances ranging from 0.03% to 9.88% of total prokaryotic reads. From PM2.5 samples, seven <i>C. difficile</i> strains were isolated, and classified into five genotypes. Three genotypes matched low−frequency clinical or environmental strains in Japan (0.1–0.6%), while two were previously unreported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four genotypes were closely related to strains from North America, Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia, respectively. These findings are consistent with the possibility that <i>C. difficile</i> may disperse globally via atmospheric aerosols. Successful colonization of <i>C. difficile</i> in the deposited environments likely depends on ecological adaptability.</p>

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Isolation of Clostridioides difficile from the atmospheric fine particulate matter

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Miyako Ishibashi,
  • Shinya Yonogi,
  • Momoka Tani,
  • Chihiro Hiura,
  • Daisuke Hosokawa,
  • Nami Matsuta,
  • Yusaku Sagisaka,
  • Mayuko Yagi,
  • Tomohiro Hasei,
  • Masahiko Hayashi,
  • Yuh Shiwa,
  • Fumito Maruyama,
  • Daisuke Tanaka,
  • Tomoaki Okuda,
  • Teruya Maki,
  • Jun Komano

摘要

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile is a spore−forming, obligate anaerobic bacillus commonly found in soil and the intestinal tracts of animals. It is a major cause of antibiotic−associated diarrhea (AAD) in humans. Our previous study suggested a possible environmental dissemination. To investigate whether atmospheric aerosols contribute to its spread, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected from ten geographic locations in East Asia, and the presence of C. difficile genomic sequences was assessed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Additionally, atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected from two sites in Japan, and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and selective culturing. C. difficile genomic sequences were detected in aerosols from 8 sampling sites, with relative abundances ranging from 0.03% to 9.88% of total prokaryotic reads. From PM2.5 samples, seven C. difficile strains were isolated, and classified into five genotypes. Three genotypes matched low−frequency clinical or environmental strains in Japan (0.1–0.6%), while two were previously unreported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four genotypes were closely related to strains from North America, Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia, respectively. These findings are consistent with the possibility that C. difficile may disperse globally via atmospheric aerosols. Successful colonization of C. difficile in the deposited environments likely depends on ecological adaptability.