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Background <p>The <i>Paenibacillus polymyxa</i> group is potentially useful for regulating plant growth and controlling plant diseases. We previously isolated a novel <i>P. polymyxa</i> strain (X-11) that can promote plant growth. However, its antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi and the underlying mechanisms therein remain unclear. To promote its utility for controlling plant diseases, strain X-11 was characterized in terms of its antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi, genome sequence, genes related to antimicrobial activities, and extracellular antifungal proteins.</p> Results <p>Strain X-11 had significant antagonistic effects on several plant pathogenic fungi: <i>Fusarium fujikuroi</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, and <i>Exserohilum turcicum</i>. Its genome was revealed to contain 5,014 protein-coding genes as well as 49 tRNA and 10 rRNA sequences. The genome was most similar to that of <i>P. polymyxa</i> SC2, with 68.80% of its unique genes homologous to sequences in strain SC2. Furthermore, 85 genes related to antimicrobial activities were identified in the strain X-11 genome, including glycosyl hydrolase genes (20), serine protease genes (8), metalloproteinase genes (23), lanthionine antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes (6), and non-lanthionine antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes (2). Additionally, 14 nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes and 12 polyketide synthase genes were detected. Proteins with antifungal activities were identified in the inhibition zone between strain X-11 and <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> (rice pathogen), including serine protease, lysophospholipase, metalloproteinase, glycoside hydrolase, β-glucosidase, peptidase M24, and amidase. Notably, bacillopeptidase F and bacillolysin were the most abundant antifungal proteins, suggesting that they may be the main contributors to strain X-11’s antifungal effects. An adenylation domain-containing protein involved in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis was also identified.</p> Conclusions <p>The genomic characterization of strain X-11, coupled with experimental confirmation of its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, provides a strong genetic and functional basis for its development as a promising biocontrol agent against plant fungal diseases.</p>

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Genomic insights into the broad-spectrum antifungal activity of a novel Paenibacillus polymyxa strain X-11

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Wen-zhi Liu,
  • Jin-qing Wang,
  • Peng Li,
  • Feng-chao Yan,
  • Wen-qing Yu,
  • Dan He

摘要

Background

The Paenibacillus polymyxa group is potentially useful for regulating plant growth and controlling plant diseases. We previously isolated a novel P. polymyxa strain (X-11) that can promote plant growth. However, its antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi and the underlying mechanisms therein remain unclear. To promote its utility for controlling plant diseases, strain X-11 was characterized in terms of its antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi, genome sequence, genes related to antimicrobial activities, and extracellular antifungal proteins.

Results

Strain X-11 had significant antagonistic effects on several plant pathogenic fungi: Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium oxysporum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, and Exserohilum turcicum. Its genome was revealed to contain 5,014 protein-coding genes as well as 49 tRNA and 10 rRNA sequences. The genome was most similar to that of P. polymyxa SC2, with 68.80% of its unique genes homologous to sequences in strain SC2. Furthermore, 85 genes related to antimicrobial activities were identified in the strain X-11 genome, including glycosyl hydrolase genes (20), serine protease genes (8), metalloproteinase genes (23), lanthionine antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes (6), and non-lanthionine antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes (2). Additionally, 14 nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes and 12 polyketide synthase genes were detected. Proteins with antifungal activities were identified in the inhibition zone between strain X-11 and Fusarium proliferatum (rice pathogen), including serine protease, lysophospholipase, metalloproteinase, glycoside hydrolase, β-glucosidase, peptidase M24, and amidase. Notably, bacillopeptidase F and bacillolysin were the most abundant antifungal proteins, suggesting that they may be the main contributors to strain X-11’s antifungal effects. An adenylation domain-containing protein involved in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis was also identified.

Conclusions

The genomic characterization of strain X-11, coupled with experimental confirmation of its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, provides a strong genetic and functional basis for its development as a promising biocontrol agent against plant fungal diseases.