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Background <p>Freshwater is a major source of human waterborne infections caused by <i>Campylobacter</i> species. The extensive use of antibiotics is capable of causing the emergence and spread of <i>Campylobacter</i> strains that are resistant to the antibiotics, making campylobacteriosis more difficult to treat and persistent in the environment. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of <i>Campylobacter</i> species in freshwater from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.</p> Materials and methods <p>Sixty-one freshwater samples were collected, yielding 302 presumptive <i>Campylobacter</i> isolates. PCR assays confirmed 78 isolates as belonging to <i>Campylobacter</i> species, identifying 35 (45%) as <i>C. jejuni</i>, 29 (37%) as <i>C. coli</i>, and 14 (18%) as <i>C. lari</i>. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted to determine resistance patterns.</p> Results <p>The isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin (90%) and low resistance to gentamicin (11.58%). The most frequently observed resistance pattern was C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMP-IMI-GM-DO-S-TE-E for <i>C. lari</i>, C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMP-GM-DO-S-TE-E for <i>C. jejuni</i>, and C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMPI-GM-DO-TE-E for <i>C. coli.</i> (Chloramphenicol, Levofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, and Erythromycin). Most isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices greater than 0.2. Genetic analysis revealed imipenem resistance genes (<i>bla</i><sub>IMP</sub>) in 85.71% of isolates, followed by <i>bla</i><sub>VIM</sub> (71.43%). The <i>ermA</i> gene was detected in only 4% of cases. The isolates tested negative for <i>bla</i><sub>KPC</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>GES</sub>, <i>ermC</i>, and <i>qnrA</i> resistance genes.</p> Conclusion <p>The study shows that antimicrobial-resistant and potentially virulent <i>Campylobacter</i> strains are present in the freshwater environments in the Eastern Cape Province, posing a potential public health risk. However, surveillance systems and public awareness about campylobacteriosis and its transmission routes can reduce infection rates.</p>

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Antibiotic resistance profile of Campylobacter species recovered from some freshwater milieu in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Olufunmilayo Modupe Oluwakoya,
  • Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

摘要

Background

Freshwater is a major source of human waterborne infections caused by Campylobacter species. The extensive use of antibiotics is capable of causing the emergence and spread of Campylobacter strains that are resistant to the antibiotics, making campylobacteriosis more difficult to treat and persistent in the environment. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter species in freshwater from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

Materials and methods

Sixty-one freshwater samples were collected, yielding 302 presumptive Campylobacter isolates. PCR assays confirmed 78 isolates as belonging to Campylobacter species, identifying 35 (45%) as C. jejuni, 29 (37%) as C. coli, and 14 (18%) as C. lari. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted to determine resistance patterns.

Results

The isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin (90%) and low resistance to gentamicin (11.58%). The most frequently observed resistance pattern was C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMP-IMI-GM-DO-S-TE-E for C. lari, C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMP-GM-DO-S-TE-E for C. jejuni, and C-LEV-NA-AZM-CIP-AMPI-GM-DO-TE-E for C. coli. (Chloramphenicol, Levofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, and Erythromycin). Most isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices greater than 0.2. Genetic analysis revealed imipenem resistance genes (blaIMP) in 85.71% of isolates, followed by blaVIM (71.43%). The ermA gene was detected in only 4% of cases. The isolates tested negative for blaKPC, blaGES, ermC, and qnrA resistance genes.

Conclusion

The study shows that antimicrobial-resistant and potentially virulent Campylobacter strains are present in the freshwater environments in the Eastern Cape Province, posing a potential public health risk. However, surveillance systems and public awareness about campylobacteriosis and its transmission routes can reduce infection rates.