Scholarlink

Background and aim <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting imprint on immune function, particularly in the elderly—a population already vulnerable to immunosenescence. While acute and long-COVID immune responses have been widely studied, the long-term apoptotic behavior of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the legacy of SARS-CoV-2 on PBMC apoptosis in elderly individuals during the post-COVID era, shedding light on potential persistent immune dysregulation.</p> Materials and methods <p>In this cross-sectional study, PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood samples of elderly individuals (&gt; 65 years old) with a documented history of COVID-19 infection at least six months prior. Using multiparametric flow cytometry, we quantified early and late apoptosis markers (Annexin V/PI), mitochondrial membrane potential disruption (ΔΨm), and expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax, Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins. Statistical analyses were performed to assess intergroup differences and correlations with clinical history. This study was conducted in 2025.</p> Results <p>Elderly post-COVID individuals exhibited a significantly elevated proportion of apoptotic PBMCs compared to controls (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), particularly within the CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell subsets. Mitochondrial depolarization and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios indicated a shift toward intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Caspase-3 activation was also heightened in the post-COVID group. Notably, apoptotic burden correlated with time since infection and severity of initial illness.</p> Discussion <p>Our findings suggest a prolonged apoptotic signature in the immune cells of elderly individuals following recovery from COVID-19. These alterations may reflect a sustained immune exhaustion or maladaptive remodeling of lymphocyte populations, potentially contributing to impaired immunosurveillance and increased vulnerability to secondary infections or chronic inflammatory conditions.</p> Conclusion <p>COVID-19 may cast a long immunological shadow in the elderly, with persistent PBMC apoptosis representing a novel facet of post-viral immune dysregulation. Flow cytometry reveals a unique apoptotic phenotype that could serve as a biomarker for long-term immune health and guide post-pandemic clinical management strategies for aging populations.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Investigating apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells among the elderly in the post-COVID-19 era

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

查看全文
  • Elaheh Abiri,
  • Najmeh Hemmatian

摘要

Background and aim

The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting imprint on immune function, particularly in the elderly—a population already vulnerable to immunosenescence. While acute and long-COVID immune responses have been widely studied, the long-term apoptotic behavior of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the legacy of SARS-CoV-2 on PBMC apoptosis in elderly individuals during the post-COVID era, shedding light on potential persistent immune dysregulation.

Materials and methods

In this cross-sectional study, PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood samples of elderly individuals (> 65 years old) with a documented history of COVID-19 infection at least six months prior. Using multiparametric flow cytometry, we quantified early and late apoptosis markers (Annexin V/PI), mitochondrial membrane potential disruption (ΔΨm), and expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax, Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins. Statistical analyses were performed to assess intergroup differences and correlations with clinical history. This study was conducted in 2025.

Results

Elderly post-COVID individuals exhibited a significantly elevated proportion of apoptotic PBMCs compared to controls (p < 0.01), particularly within the CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell subsets. Mitochondrial depolarization and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios indicated a shift toward intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Caspase-3 activation was also heightened in the post-COVID group. Notably, apoptotic burden correlated with time since infection and severity of initial illness.

Discussion

Our findings suggest a prolonged apoptotic signature in the immune cells of elderly individuals following recovery from COVID-19. These alterations may reflect a sustained immune exhaustion or maladaptive remodeling of lymphocyte populations, potentially contributing to impaired immunosurveillance and increased vulnerability to secondary infections or chronic inflammatory conditions.

Conclusion

COVID-19 may cast a long immunological shadow in the elderly, with persistent PBMC apoptosis representing a novel facet of post-viral immune dysregulation. Flow cytometry reveals a unique apoptotic phenotype that could serve as a biomarker for long-term immune health and guide post-pandemic clinical management strategies for aging populations.