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Background <p>Malaria, a prevalent disease in Sudan, has a significant impact on socioeconomic conditions. Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune response during infectious diseases. This study investigates the interplay between malaria and immune response modulation in the River Nile State, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10).</p> Method <p>Ninety participants with microscopy-confirmed malaria were enrolled. Parasite density and COVID-19 co-infection were assessed. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA.</p> Results <p>TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 levels were significantly associated with parasite density (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), but not IL-10. TGF-β1 was significantly higher in <i>P. vivax</i> infections, while IL-10 was elevated in <i>P. falciparum</i> cases. Uric acid levels were lower in participants co-infected with COVID-19 (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>The study’s findings show how cytokines affect the immune response, impacting both parasite clearance. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 are positively linked to parasite density (<i>r</i> = 0.42, 0.38, 0.51; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). IL-10 levels were higher in <i>P. falciparum</i> compared to <i>P. vivax</i> (560.0 vs. 415.6 pg/mL, <i>P</i> = 0.019).</p>

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Assessment of Cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta-1, and IL-10 in Malaria Patients of the River Nile State , Sudan: A critical study of immune response

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Mosab N.M. Hamad,
  • Ghadeer M. Albadrani,
  • Aisha AM. Ghazwani,
  • Ammar Abdelmola,
  • Rania S. Suliman,
  • Ghanem M. Mahjaf,
  • Shereen A. Fahmy,
  • Safaa Badi,
  • Habab M. Yassin,
  • Gehan A. Othman,
  • Tibyan A. Altaher,
  • Sufian KM. Noor

摘要

Background

Malaria, a prevalent disease in Sudan, has a significant impact on socioeconomic conditions. Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune response during infectious diseases. This study investigates the interplay between malaria and immune response modulation in the River Nile State, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10).

Method

Ninety participants with microscopy-confirmed malaria were enrolled. Parasite density and COVID-19 co-infection were assessed. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA.

Results

TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 levels were significantly associated with parasite density (P < 0.05), but not IL-10. TGF-β1 was significantly higher in P. vivax infections, while IL-10 was elevated in P. falciparum cases. Uric acid levels were lower in participants co-infected with COVID-19 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The study’s findings show how cytokines affect the immune response, impacting both parasite clearance. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 are positively linked to parasite density (r = 0.42, 0.38, 0.51; P < 0.01). IL-10 levels were higher in P. falciparum compared to P. vivax (560.0 vs. 415.6 pg/mL, P = 0.019).