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Background <p><i>Anopheles stephensi</i>, an invasive malaria vector expanding across the Horn of Africa, poses a growing public health threat. We applied a multi-faceted genomic approach combining whole genome sequencing (WGS), double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), and mitochondrial data to resolve population structure and adaptive evolution among <i>An. stephensi</i> populations from Ethiopia, Somaliland and Yemen relative to Indian lab-reared colony.</p> Results <p>WGS revealed broad-scale differentiation across the autosomal chromosomes, while ddRAD with a larger number of samples (<i>n</i> = 402) provided finer resolution of substructure within Ethiopia and Yemen, including sites where heightened malaria has been reported post invasion. Distinct genetic compositions in Sayhut, Yemen, indicate cryptic diversity within <i>An. stephensi</i>. WGS-based scans identified selective sweeps in Ethiopian populations at loci encoding homologs of esterases, serine proteases, and lipases, and in Yemeni populations at cytochrome P450 gene clusters.</p> Conclusions <p>These results provide insight into <i>An. stephensi</i> diversity, particularly for locations where heightened malaria has been reported post-invasion and demonstrate that a combined WGS and ddRAD approach can offer a cost-effective option to resolve population structure and identify adaptive loci in a vector invasion scenario. Integrating these genomic approaches enhances understanding of invasion dynamics, informing surveillance and targeted vector control in urbanizing regions.</p>

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Multiple genomic approaches reveal geographic structure and local selection signals in invasive Anopheles stephensi from the Horn of Africa and Yemen

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Isuru Gunarathna,
  • Jeanne N. Samake,
  • Ayomikun Aderounmu,
  • Yasser Abdullah Baheshm,
  • Solomon Yared,
  • Dejene Getachew,
  • Said Ali,
  • Elizabeth Waymire,
  • Madison Follis,
  • Avery A. Kaye,
  • Eesha Vasisht,
  • Grace Lloyd,
  • Philip Lavretsky,
  • Sarah Zohdy,
  • Alia Zayed,
  • Tamar Carter

摘要

Background

Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector expanding across the Horn of Africa, poses a growing public health threat. We applied a multi-faceted genomic approach combining whole genome sequencing (WGS), double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), and mitochondrial data to resolve population structure and adaptive evolution among An. stephensi populations from Ethiopia, Somaliland and Yemen relative to Indian lab-reared colony.

Results

WGS revealed broad-scale differentiation across the autosomal chromosomes, while ddRAD with a larger number of samples (n = 402) provided finer resolution of substructure within Ethiopia and Yemen, including sites where heightened malaria has been reported post invasion. Distinct genetic compositions in Sayhut, Yemen, indicate cryptic diversity within An. stephensi. WGS-based scans identified selective sweeps in Ethiopian populations at loci encoding homologs of esterases, serine proteases, and lipases, and in Yemeni populations at cytochrome P450 gene clusters.

Conclusions

These results provide insight into An. stephensi diversity, particularly for locations where heightened malaria has been reported post-invasion and demonstrate that a combined WGS and ddRAD approach can offer a cost-effective option to resolve population structure and identify adaptive loci in a vector invasion scenario. Integrating these genomic approaches enhances understanding of invasion dynamics, informing surveillance and targeted vector control in urbanizing regions.