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Background <p>Our previous study from 2024 indicated that <i>Ptychobarbus leptosomus</i> is a new species found only in the Yalong River (the largest tributary of the Jinsha River). <i>P. leptosomus</i> was historically classified as <i>P. kaznakovi</i>, which lives in the Jinsha River. To date, the evolutionary history and population dynamics of <i>P. leptosomus</i> and <i>P. kaznakovi</i> have not been reported. In our study, both species have similar morphologies, which may reflect gene flow between the two species. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology was utilized to acquire whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, which were subsequently used to assess population structure, population dynamics, and adaptive differentiation.</p> Results <p>Phylogenetic and population structural analyses based on SNPs indicated that <i>P. leptosomus</i> is an independent Picea species. Additionally, <i>P. kaznakov</i> is more closely related to <i>P. chungtienensis</i>, which is consistent with its geographic distribution. The obvious gene flow from <i>P. kaznakovi</i> and <i>P. chungtienensis</i> branches to <i>P. dipogon</i> was detected. Historical population dynamics analysis revealed that tectonic events in the Shaluli Mountains and the Quaternary climate oscillation had important impacts on the current distribution patterns of the two species, which experienced similar population contraction and expansion processes. Local adaptation promoted differentiation between <i>P. leptosomus</i> and <i>P. kaznakov.</i> Genotype and environment association analysis revealed that 35,654 SNPs were related to environmental factors, mainly related to adaptation to precipitation seasonality and temperature seasonality. Selective elimination analysis revealed that the selected genes were enriched mainly in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and growth hormone synthesis, secretion, and action (genes such as <i>glycine decarboxylase (gldc</i>), <i>cyp51</i>,<i> igf-1</i>, and <i>tnf-α</i>), which can help <i>P. leptosomus</i> and <i>P. kaznakov</i> adapt better to the water environment of the high mountains and valleys in the Shaluli Mountains.</p> Conclusions <p>This study emphasizes the significant role of geological and environmental changes in shaping the population history and evolutionary processes of <i>P. kaznakovi</i> and <i>P. leptosomus</i>, and deepens our understanding of the species classification of <i>Ptychobarbus</i> and provides a basis for future species protection.</p>

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Genome-wide insights into adaptive divergence, historical demography, and habitat suitability of Ptychobarbus Kaznakovi and P. leptosomus

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Taiming Yan,
  • Ping Chen,
  • Huiling Wang,
  • Mengna Chang,
  • Qipeng Fu,
  • Wenjie Luo,
  • Fei Liu,
  • Junjie Huang,
  • Wenxiang Ding,
  • Kuo Gao,
  • Lin Wen,
  • Jinxing Xiong,
  • Haochen Wang,
  • Rukui Zeng,
  • Ziting Tang,
  • Zhi He,
  • Deying Yang

摘要

Background

Our previous study from 2024 indicated that Ptychobarbus leptosomus is a new species found only in the Yalong River (the largest tributary of the Jinsha River). P. leptosomus was historically classified as P. kaznakovi, which lives in the Jinsha River. To date, the evolutionary history and population dynamics of P. leptosomus and P. kaznakovi have not been reported. In our study, both species have similar morphologies, which may reflect gene flow between the two species. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology was utilized to acquire whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, which were subsequently used to assess population structure, population dynamics, and adaptive differentiation.

Results

Phylogenetic and population structural analyses based on SNPs indicated that P. leptosomus is an independent Picea species. Additionally, P. kaznakov is more closely related to P. chungtienensis, which is consistent with its geographic distribution. The obvious gene flow from P. kaznakovi and P. chungtienensis branches to P. dipogon was detected. Historical population dynamics analysis revealed that tectonic events in the Shaluli Mountains and the Quaternary climate oscillation had important impacts on the current distribution patterns of the two species, which experienced similar population contraction and expansion processes. Local adaptation promoted differentiation between P. leptosomus and P. kaznakov. Genotype and environment association analysis revealed that 35,654 SNPs were related to environmental factors, mainly related to adaptation to precipitation seasonality and temperature seasonality. Selective elimination analysis revealed that the selected genes were enriched mainly in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism and growth hormone synthesis, secretion, and action (genes such as glycine decarboxylase (gldc), cyp51, igf-1, and tnf-α), which can help P. leptosomus and P. kaznakov adapt better to the water environment of the high mountains and valleys in the Shaluli Mountains.

Conclusions

This study emphasizes the significant role of geological and environmental changes in shaping the population history and evolutionary processes of P. kaznakovi and P. leptosomus, and deepens our understanding of the species classification of Ptychobarbus and provides a basis for future species protection.