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Background <p><i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>, a major pathogen causing root rot in <i>Panax notoginseng</i>, severely threatens sustainable cultivation. While chemical pesticides face resistance and environmental risks, plant-derived alternatives are urgently needed. D-limonene, a natural monoterpene with broad antimicrobial activity, remains unexplored against <i>F. proliferatum</i>.</p> Results <p>D-limonene strongly inhibited <i>F. proliferatum</i> growth: 200 mM suppressed hyphal growth by 73.89%, reduced sporulation by 73.6%, and impaired conidia germination. It disrupted membrane integrity, increasing extracellular conductivity by 64.3% within 4&#xa0;h. Transcriptomics revealed 1,134 upregulated and 1,240 downregulated genes, with downregulated genes enriched in ribosomal translation and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing. Critically, D-limonene reduced histone acetylation (H3K9ac/H3K27ac). ChIP-seq confirmed that H3K9 hypoacetylation inhibited ribosomal genes (<i>RPS9</i>, <i>RPS3</i>, <i>RPS4</i>), while H3K27 hypoacetylation suppressed lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, collectively stalling fungal growth.</p> Conclusions <p>D-limonene combats <i>F. proliferatum</i> by damaging cell membranes and reprogramming histone acetylation to disrupt ribosome function and mitochondrial biosynthesis. This dual-action mechanism highlights its potential as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against root rot.</p>

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D-limonene inhibits the growth of Fusarium proliferatum by decreasing H3K9ac and H3K27ac modifications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Shi-Wei Zhou,
  • Yao Zhu,
  • Xue-Jie Qin,
  • You Li,
  • Sulukkana Noiprasert,
  • Kanyaphat Apiwongsrichai,
  • Fu-Rong Xu,
  • Xiao-Yun Liu,
  • Xian Dong

摘要

Background

Fusarium proliferatum, a major pathogen causing root rot in Panax notoginseng, severely threatens sustainable cultivation. While chemical pesticides face resistance and environmental risks, plant-derived alternatives are urgently needed. D-limonene, a natural monoterpene with broad antimicrobial activity, remains unexplored against F. proliferatum.

Results

D-limonene strongly inhibited F. proliferatum growth: 200 mM suppressed hyphal growth by 73.89%, reduced sporulation by 73.6%, and impaired conidia germination. It disrupted membrane integrity, increasing extracellular conductivity by 64.3% within 4 h. Transcriptomics revealed 1,134 upregulated and 1,240 downregulated genes, with downregulated genes enriched in ribosomal translation and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing. Critically, D-limonene reduced histone acetylation (H3K9ac/H3K27ac). ChIP-seq confirmed that H3K9 hypoacetylation inhibited ribosomal genes (RPS9, RPS3, RPS4), while H3K27 hypoacetylation suppressed lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, collectively stalling fungal growth.

Conclusions

D-limonene combats F. proliferatum by damaging cell membranes and reprogramming histone acetylation to disrupt ribosome function and mitochondrial biosynthesis. This dual-action mechanism highlights its potential as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against root rot.