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<p>The increasing discharge of oil and grease (O&amp;G) from industrial effluents, urban runoff, and domestic wastes has posed significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and environmental sustainability. These hydrophobic pollutants consist of complex chemical mixtures that can adversely impact water quality, soil systems, biota, and human health. Therefore, the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies is urgently required. Constructed wetlands (CWs), as engineered systems that mimic natural wetland processes, have emerged as an environmentally sustainable approach for O&amp;G removal. The effectiveness of these systems relies on the synergistic interaction between plants and microbes, particularly within the rhizosphere. Plants enhance oxygen availability and release root exudates that stimulate microbial activity, while microorganisms facilitate the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbons into simpler and less toxic compounds. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in O&amp;G removal within constructed wetlands, with a particular focus on microbial degradation pathways and plant–microbe interactions. In addition, key environmental and operational factors influencing these interactions are discussed. The findings highlight the critical role of plant–microbe synergy as a core driver in enhancing treatment efficiency and provide insights for optimizing CW design and operation for sustainable wastewater management.</p>

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A review of oil and grease removal in constructed wetlands: the role of plant–microbe interactions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Nor Ariza Azizan,
  • Hui Weng Goh,
  • Derek Chan Juinn Chieh,
  • Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal ,
  • Jia Xin Yap,
  • Choe Peng Leo,
  • Nur Dianna Dinno,
  • Zhongli Chen

摘要

The increasing discharge of oil and grease (O&G) from industrial effluents, urban runoff, and domestic wastes has posed significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and environmental sustainability. These hydrophobic pollutants consist of complex chemical mixtures that can adversely impact water quality, soil systems, biota, and human health. Therefore, the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies is urgently required. Constructed wetlands (CWs), as engineered systems that mimic natural wetland processes, have emerged as an environmentally sustainable approach for O&G removal. The effectiveness of these systems relies on the synergistic interaction between plants and microbes, particularly within the rhizosphere. Plants enhance oxygen availability and release root exudates that stimulate microbial activity, while microorganisms facilitate the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbons into simpler and less toxic compounds. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in O&G removal within constructed wetlands, with a particular focus on microbial degradation pathways and plant–microbe interactions. In addition, key environmental and operational factors influencing these interactions are discussed. The findings highlight the critical role of plant–microbe synergy as a core driver in enhancing treatment efficiency and provide insights for optimizing CW design and operation for sustainable wastewater management.