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<p>Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been extensively utilised due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and versatility in biomedicine, electronics, and energy storage. Their increasing use has led to environmental release, raising concerns over their ecological toxicity, particularly in aquatic systems. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), secreted by microalgae like <i>Chlorella</i> sp., can interact with nanomaterials and modulate their environmental behaviour. This study examined the impact of two categories of extracellular polymeric substances, extracted from marine <i>Chlorella</i> sp., loosely bound (LB-EPS) and tightly bound (TB-EPS), on the toxicity of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) at an ecologically relevant concentration of 1.25&#xa0;mg/L. All GFNs generated an increased amount of reactive oxygen species along with malondialdehyde (MDA) generation and exacerbated antioxidant enzyme activities. This resulted in the inhibition of algal growth and photosynthesis, with toxicity ranking as rGO &gt; GO &gt; graphene. Surface characterisation, such as surface charge, wettability, and fluorescence analyses, confirmed EPS adsorption onto GFNs. Notably, EPS interaction reduced toxicity, with TB-EPS showing greater protective effects than LB-EPS. EPS eco-corona acted as a physicochemical barrier, attenuating the direct interaction of GFNs with algal cells, thereby lowering oxidative stress and restoring photosynthetic function. These findings highlight the critical role of different types of algal-EPS in mitigating nanomaterial toxicity and offer new insights into their ecological risks in marine environments.</p>

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Unraveling the interactions between graphene family nanomaterials and algal-EPS: a novel perspective on toxicity mitigation towards marine microalgae

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Abhrajit Debroy,
  • Mrudula Pulimi

摘要

Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been extensively utilised due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and versatility in biomedicine, electronics, and energy storage. Their increasing use has led to environmental release, raising concerns over their ecological toxicity, particularly in aquatic systems. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), secreted by microalgae like Chlorella sp., can interact with nanomaterials and modulate their environmental behaviour. This study examined the impact of two categories of extracellular polymeric substances, extracted from marine Chlorella sp., loosely bound (LB-EPS) and tightly bound (TB-EPS), on the toxicity of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) at an ecologically relevant concentration of 1.25 mg/L. All GFNs generated an increased amount of reactive oxygen species along with malondialdehyde (MDA) generation and exacerbated antioxidant enzyme activities. This resulted in the inhibition of algal growth and photosynthesis, with toxicity ranking as rGO > GO > graphene. Surface characterisation, such as surface charge, wettability, and fluorescence analyses, confirmed EPS adsorption onto GFNs. Notably, EPS interaction reduced toxicity, with TB-EPS showing greater protective effects than LB-EPS. EPS eco-corona acted as a physicochemical barrier, attenuating the direct interaction of GFNs with algal cells, thereby lowering oxidative stress and restoring photosynthetic function. These findings highlight the critical role of different types of algal-EPS in mitigating nanomaterial toxicity and offer new insights into their ecological risks in marine environments.