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<p>Schwann cell derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have emerged as a specialized extracellular vesicle subtype with intrinsic neuroregenerative, neuroimmune, and neurovascular regulatory capacities, making them particularly relevant for diabetic oral mucosal wound healing. Unlike more widely studied extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells, SC-EVs originate from the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and therefore retain biological programs directly related to axonal repair, neurotrophic support, and nerve-associated tissue regeneration. Diabetic oral mucosal wounds are characterized by persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix dysregulation, and neuropathy-associated defects in epithelial repair. SC-EVs contain a distinctive cargo of proteins, RNAs, and lipids, including neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, regulatory microRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-146a, and antioxidant molecules that collectively modulate these pathological processes. This review first summarizes the pathophysiological features of diabetic oral mucosal wounds, with emphasis on neurovascular and neuroimmune disruption. It then discusses the biogenesis, molecular composition, and functional mechanisms of SC-EVs, highlighting their roles in inflammatory recalibration, angiogenesis, neuroregeneration, and redox homeostasis. A dedicated discussion of SC-EV-specific cargo composition is included to clarify why SC-EVs represent a particularly suitable extracellular vesicle source for neuropathy-associated oral wound repair. Finally, we evaluate current progress in scalable production, targeted engineering, and biomaterial-assisted delivery, while outlining remaining limitations related to standardization, potency assessment, long-term safety, and clinical translation. By integrating glial biology with extracellular vesicle nanomedicine, this review provides a focused framework for developing SC-EV-based therapeutics for diabetic oral mucosal lesions.</p>

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Schwann cell derived extracellular vesicles are multifunctional nanotherapeutic mediators for diabetic oral mucosal wound healing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Zihang Xu,
  • Haowen Qi,
  • Xinyu Zhang,
  • Fang Qu,
  • Yaqin Wu,
  • Chun Xu

摘要

Schwann cell derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have emerged as a specialized extracellular vesicle subtype with intrinsic neuroregenerative, neuroimmune, and neurovascular regulatory capacities, making them particularly relevant for diabetic oral mucosal wound healing. Unlike more widely studied extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells, SC-EVs originate from the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and therefore retain biological programs directly related to axonal repair, neurotrophic support, and nerve-associated tissue regeneration. Diabetic oral mucosal wounds are characterized by persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix dysregulation, and neuropathy-associated defects in epithelial repair. SC-EVs contain a distinctive cargo of proteins, RNAs, and lipids, including neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, regulatory microRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-146a, and antioxidant molecules that collectively modulate these pathological processes. This review first summarizes the pathophysiological features of diabetic oral mucosal wounds, with emphasis on neurovascular and neuroimmune disruption. It then discusses the biogenesis, molecular composition, and functional mechanisms of SC-EVs, highlighting their roles in inflammatory recalibration, angiogenesis, neuroregeneration, and redox homeostasis. A dedicated discussion of SC-EV-specific cargo composition is included to clarify why SC-EVs represent a particularly suitable extracellular vesicle source for neuropathy-associated oral wound repair. Finally, we evaluate current progress in scalable production, targeted engineering, and biomaterial-assisted delivery, while outlining remaining limitations related to standardization, potency assessment, long-term safety, and clinical translation. By integrating glial biology with extracellular vesicle nanomedicine, this review provides a focused framework for developing SC-EV-based therapeutics for diabetic oral mucosal lesions.