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<p>Wearable sensing technologies have attracted increasing attention for real-time monitoring of human motion and physiological activities. In this study, a PTPAVI-Al<sup>3+</sup> ionic conductive hydrogel-enabled triboelectric nanogenerator (PA-TENG) is designed as a multifunctional platform capable of converting mechanical stimuli into electrical signals for energy harvesting and autonomous finger joint motion sensing during music training. The PTPAVI-Al<sup>3+</sup> ionic conductive hydrogel electrode features a hybrid architecture composed of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) framework and a covalently crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide-co-itaconic acid) (PA-VBI-IA) network, in which tannic acid (TA) and Al<sup>3+</sup> ions cooperatively generate a dense supramolecular interaction network. This hierarchical structure endows the hydrogel with high stretchability, strong self-adhesion, excellent ionic conductivity, anti-swelling behavior, and mechanical robustness. A nylon/polydimethylsiloxane triboelectric pair is employed to assemble a vertical contact–separation PA-TENG, delivering a peak open-circuit voltage (V<sub>OC</sub>) of 1080.6&#xa0;V, a short-circuit current (I<sub>SC</sub>) of 74.5 µA, and a maximum power output of 2.1 mW. Moreover, the PA-TENG enables accurate, self-powered monitoring of finger joint motion and applied force during piano training, demonstrating its potential for wearable sensing, skill training, and human–machine interaction applications.</p>

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Self-powered finger motion sensing for piano training based on the ionic hydrogel triboelectric nanogenerator

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Xuemei Zhang,
  • Yimian Mi

摘要

Wearable sensing technologies have attracted increasing attention for real-time monitoring of human motion and physiological activities. In this study, a PTPAVI-Al3+ ionic conductive hydrogel-enabled triboelectric nanogenerator (PA-TENG) is designed as a multifunctional platform capable of converting mechanical stimuli into electrical signals for energy harvesting and autonomous finger joint motion sensing during music training. The PTPAVI-Al3+ ionic conductive hydrogel electrode features a hybrid architecture composed of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) framework and a covalently crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide-co-itaconic acid) (PA-VBI-IA) network, in which tannic acid (TA) and Al3+ ions cooperatively generate a dense supramolecular interaction network. This hierarchical structure endows the hydrogel with high stretchability, strong self-adhesion, excellent ionic conductivity, anti-swelling behavior, and mechanical robustness. A nylon/polydimethylsiloxane triboelectric pair is employed to assemble a vertical contact–separation PA-TENG, delivering a peak open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1080.6 V, a short-circuit current (ISC) of 74.5 µA, and a maximum power output of 2.1 mW. Moreover, the PA-TENG enables accurate, self-powered monitoring of finger joint motion and applied force during piano training, demonstrating its potential for wearable sensing, skill training, and human–machine interaction applications.