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<p>Brookite-phase TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via a green route using <i>Spinacia</i> oleracea leaf extract and TiOSO<sub>4</sub> as the precursor, and characterized by XRD, FESEM–EDX, FTIR, and UV–Vis/DRS analyses. The nanoparticles displayed a spherical morphology with sizes of 5–12&#xa0;nm. Photocatalytic tests showed that approximately 50% of methylene blue was degraded within 3&#xa0;h under UV light and 5&#xa0;h under visible light. Antibacterial assays revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1&#xa0;mg/mL for <i>Escherichia</i> coli (<i>E</i>. coli) and 2&#xa0;mg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus (<i>S</i>. aureus) in dark conditions, pointing to higher susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria. Under blue light irradiation, the MIC values decreased to 0.5 and 1&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively, while bactericidal effects were observed at 0.5 and 2&#xa0;mg/mL for the same strains. SEM observations confirmed severe bacterial membrane damage, highlighting the role of photocatalytic reactive oxygen species in bacterial inactivation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Brookite-phase TiO₂ synthesized by Spinacia oleracea: structure, photocatalytic activity and light-enhanced antimicrobial efficacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Fatemeh Sheikh Ansari,
  • Sara Daneshjou

摘要

Brookite-phase TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via a green route using Spinacia oleracea leaf extract and TiOSO4 as the precursor, and characterized by XRD, FESEM–EDX, FTIR, and UV–Vis/DRS analyses. The nanoparticles displayed a spherical morphology with sizes of 5–12 nm. Photocatalytic tests showed that approximately 50% of methylene blue was degraded within 3 h under UV light and 5 h under visible light. Antibacterial assays revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 mg/mL for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 2 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in dark conditions, pointing to higher susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria. Under blue light irradiation, the MIC values decreased to 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, while bactericidal effects were observed at 0.5 and 2 mg/mL for the same strains. SEM observations confirmed severe bacterial membrane damage, highlighting the role of photocatalytic reactive oxygen species in bacterial inactivation.

Graphical abstract