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<p>Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs, from complex patterns to graphene-dielectric and graphene-metal hybrids. We explore ultra-trace detection enabled by <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11671_2025_4204_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>π</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11671_2025_4204_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>π</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> stacking mechanisms, expanding capabilities beyond conventional refractive index-based methods. Despite significant theoretical progress, practical challenges remain due to material constraints; solutions such as multilayer graphene structures and hybrid low-mobility designs are discussed to enhance experimental feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the evolving impact of graphene MMs, positioning them as transformative tools in multidisciplinary THz sensing.</p>

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Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月10日

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  • Zesen Zhou,
  • Zhilong Gan,
  • Lei Cao

摘要

Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs, from complex patterns to graphene-dielectric and graphene-metal hybrids. We explore ultra-trace detection enabled by \(\pi\) π - \(\pi\) π stacking mechanisms, expanding capabilities beyond conventional refractive index-based methods. Despite significant theoretical progress, practical challenges remain due to material constraints; solutions such as multilayer graphene structures and hybrid low-mobility designs are discussed to enhance experimental feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the evolving impact of graphene MMs, positioning them as transformative tools in multidisciplinary THz sensing.