Nanomaterials in Biosensors for Medical Applications

Biosensors have long been an integral part of analytical laboratory equipment. Some developments have already been commercialized and mass produced for field-test analysis. The best-known biosensors at the moment are those for glucose determination, which are both disposable and long lasting. The use of biosensors for the early diagnosis of diseases would bring medicine to a qualitatively new level, allowing for the more accurate detection of a disease and its individual stages, the adjustment of treatment, and the monitoring of various parameters and biochemical indicators of health in the process of both treatment and during sports training. New electrode modifications, the application of new nanomaterials, the development of new analysis schemes, and the miniaturization of signal processing devices significantly expands the analytical capabilities of the developed biosensors. This paper presents new directions in the development of biosensors for the determination of both traditional markers of the human physiological state (glucose, lactate, etc.) and infectious pathologies (viral, cancerous, etc. diseases), wearable and implantable devices, as well as combined devices for simultaneous diagnostics and drug delivery.