Scholarlink

Abstract <p>This paper presents a review of modern studies in the field of development of synergistic flame retardants based on phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing compounds including melamine, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), derivatives of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and hybrid systems. The mechanisms of their action, such as gas-phase inhibition of radicals, formation of thermally stable carbon layers, and catalytic degradation of polymer matrices, are considered. Special attention is paid to combinations demonstrating synergism, e.g., phosphorus–nitrogen–carbon (P–N–C) systems, nanomaterials (graphene, nanotubes), and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). It is shown that such compositions significantly increase the fire resistance of polymers (an oxygen index of up to 45%, UL-94 V-0 rated) and decrease heat release and smoke generation without sacrificing mechanical properties. The environmental advantages of halogen-free flame retardants and prospects of their application in epoxide resins, polyurethanes, textile, and composites are discussed.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Synergistic Effects of Nonstoichiometric P–N Flame Retardants Based on Melamine and Ammonium Derivatives of Phosphoric Acid. Part 1. A Literature Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

查看全文
  • S. Kh. Toirov,
  • Yu. M. Evtushenko,
  • I. O. Kuchkina,
  • I. V. Bezsudnov,
  • V. A. Ushkov,
  • A. A. Berlin

摘要

Abstract

This paper presents a review of modern studies in the field of development of synergistic flame retardants based on phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing compounds including melamine, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), derivatives of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and hybrid systems. The mechanisms of their action, such as gas-phase inhibition of radicals, formation of thermally stable carbon layers, and catalytic degradation of polymer matrices, are considered. Special attention is paid to combinations demonstrating synergism, e.g., phosphorus–nitrogen–carbon (P–N–C) systems, nanomaterials (graphene, nanotubes), and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). It is shown that such compositions significantly increase the fire resistance of polymers (an oxygen index of up to 45%, UL-94 V-0 rated) and decrease heat release and smoke generation without sacrificing mechanical properties. The environmental advantages of halogen-free flame retardants and prospects of their application in epoxide resins, polyurethanes, textile, and composites are discussed.