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Abstract <p>This paper aims to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical pollution on the Gosner stage development of <i>Bufo bufo</i> tadpoles. We consider mixed effects models to deal with the missingness in the data, the within-subject correlations over time, and the feasibility of modeling time as a continuous covariate. We fitted several models with different random and fixed effects structures and compared them using the likelihood ratio test and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The results from the selected model showed a significant difference in the Gosner stage trajectories of <i>Bufo bufo</i> tadpoles between the group treated with a mix of environmentally realistic doses of fluoxetine and ibuprofen and the control group. With this paper, we also want to encourage researchers to consider the mixed effects models or other relevant models when dealing with longitudinal, correlated, incomplete data.</p>

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Mixed Modeling of the Effect of Pharmaceutical Pollution on the Metamorphosis of Amphibians from Incomplete Trajectory Data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • E. Ibrahimi,
  • F. Miri,
  • A. Porreca,
  • V. Aliko

摘要

Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical pollution on the Gosner stage development of Bufo bufo tadpoles. We consider mixed effects models to deal with the missingness in the data, the within-subject correlations over time, and the feasibility of modeling time as a continuous covariate. We fitted several models with different random and fixed effects structures and compared them using the likelihood ratio test and Akaike information criteria (AIC). The results from the selected model showed a significant difference in the Gosner stage trajectories of Bufo bufo tadpoles between the group treated with a mix of environmentally realistic doses of fluoxetine and ibuprofen and the control group. With this paper, we also want to encourage researchers to consider the mixed effects models or other relevant models when dealing with longitudinal, correlated, incomplete data.