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Abstract <p>We report a green synthesis of ZnO and ZnO@Ag nanostructures using an aqueous extract of <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The products were characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, Raman, and SEM. Pure ZnO exhibits a characteristic UV absorption around 370 nm and a wurtzite XRD pattern. Biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles show antibacterial activity against <i>Bacillus</i> (inhibition zone = 30&#xa0;mm), <i>Klebsiella</i> (25 mm), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (16 mm) and <i>Proteus vulgaris</i> (14 mm) at 100 µg/disc. Doping with Ag produced ZnO@Ag nanostructures with significantly enhanced antibacterial activity, achieving a maximum inhibition zone up to 43 mm for <i>S. aureus</i> and 33 mm for <i>P. vulgaris</i> at a 100% Ag precursor weight ratio. The improved activity is attributed to the synergistic combined effects of increased ROS generation by ZnO and Ag<sup>+</sup>-mediated membrane damage; structural and optical evidence of the Ag–ZnO interaction is shown by the observed red-shift in UV-vis absorption and changes in Raman/FTIR features. This green route is simple, low-cost and yields highly effective antibacterial nanomaterials suitable for further biomedical or environmental testing.</p>

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Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide and ZnO@Ag Nanoparticles Prepared by Spinacia oleracea Plant

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月1日

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  • Lakehal Sihem

摘要

Abstract

We report a green synthesis of ZnO and ZnO@Ag nanostructures using an aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The products were characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, Raman, and SEM. Pure ZnO exhibits a characteristic UV absorption around 370 nm and a wurtzite XRD pattern. Biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles show antibacterial activity against Bacillus (inhibition zone = 30 mm), Klebsiella (25 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm) and Proteus vulgaris (14 mm) at 100 µg/disc. Doping with Ag produced ZnO@Ag nanostructures with significantly enhanced antibacterial activity, achieving a maximum inhibition zone up to 43 mm for S. aureus and 33 mm for P. vulgaris at a 100% Ag precursor weight ratio. The improved activity is attributed to the synergistic combined effects of increased ROS generation by ZnO and Ag+-mediated membrane damage; structural and optical evidence of the Ag–ZnO interaction is shown by the observed red-shift in UV-vis absorption and changes in Raman/FTIR features. This green route is simple, low-cost and yields highly effective antibacterial nanomaterials suitable for further biomedical or environmental testing.