Abstract <p>The article examines fundamental and applied problems of regenerative biomedicine. As a science, it emerged at the end of the 20th century and is rapidly developing today: the mechanisms of cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and repair are being elucidated, and fundamentally new methods are being developed to combat severe pathologies caused by damage and loss of vital cells and tissues. The human body is a “self-renewing machine.” During its lifetime, it produces tens of tons of cells, meaning it has powerful regenerative potential that can be used in modern medicine. The Institute of Regenerative Medicine of the Medical Research and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University is conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials of a number of drugs that stimulate the regrowth of nerve fibers after finger and hand transplants and treat neurological dysfunction after hemorrhagic stroke. A drug that stimulates spermatogenesis and restores fertility is being developed to treat male infertility. Currently, the identification of a soluble substance from human blood plasma, secreted by endometrial cells, which prevents fibrosis of uterine tissue and other organs, is being undertaken for the creation of an antifibrotic drug. The role of navigation receptors (primarily T-cadherin and urokinase) in choosing the direction of tissue growth is being studied.</p>